Rod nemiphakathi

Rod nomphakathi

umphakathi lwasekuqaleni Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka kwaba ngamaqembu amancane kakhulu. Community (iqembu) kwi archanthropines esiteji nesikhathi Neolithic ingeqi isibalo sabantu 20 kuya ku-30. Nokho, ulwazi, ayatholakala; cishe ungabonisi Sakhiwo sangekhatsi la maqembu nobudlelwano bawo. ethnologists kuphela, sigcina ukuphila imiphakathi bakudala ezikhathini zanamuhla, esikhanyisela ukuthi lolu daba ..
Rod - omunye ezinkulu baqala umphakathi lasekuqaleni. Ngisho nangekhulu XIX. le izazi zemvelaphi nenhlalo yabantu kuqala indima yalesi senzakalo waphawula futhi wamnika incazelo yesayensi uMnu L. Morgan. Ngokusho definition wakhe, okuyinto kakhulu azigcina ukubaluleka kwayo kuze kube manje, uhlanga - iqembu labantu ehola uzalo lwayo zisuka kukhokho oyedwa (zeqiniso noma wasenganekwaneni) kwenye imigqa emibili - amadoda (kusukela nguyise izingane) noma owesifazane (umama izingane); . Isici uhlobo lwe - exogamy, okungukuthi, ukwenqatshelwa ukudla kulesi ukushada amalungu uhlobo zabo; wonke amalungu uhlobo lwe aphoqelelwe ukuba basizane futhi kanzima okuziphindiselela ngokufa noma ukulimala wezihlobo zawo, okubangelwa abantu bakwamanye izizukulwane; amalungu uhlobo lwe bamunye njengehlelo lenkolo, into esemqoka yokukhulekela lapho ngokuvamile izenzo kukhokho oyedwa; ukhokho ngokuvamile iba olungcwele ubunye tribal (totem), ogama amalungu bazibiza uhlobo (-Iroquois Indians - "abantu ukhozi", "abantu ufudu," njll ...). Esinye sezici lenhlangano tribal - emjahweni umnyuziki ngeke siphile iqembu elifanayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngokwesiko ka exogamy amantombazane nabafana uhlobo ophoqelelwe ukushada amalungu uhlobo okuphambene. Uma uhlobo lwe virilokalen (oshadile luhlala e umkhwenyana ithimba), khona-ke iqembu elinjalo liyadingeka lihlale bafazi amadoda ababevela kwamanye uhlobo, futhi lab 'odade namadodakazi abantu ukuba bahambe kwamanye amaqembu. Lapho uksorilokalen uhlanga (oshadile luhlala ethimbeni bakamakoti), kunalokho, le nsizwa ngemva komshado Ushiya ithimba, lapho rodilis.Vse ke inamathela Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuba lo mkhuba wokuphila bakudala, njengoba umphakathi, t. E. Ithimba labantu munye hhayi kuphela izibopho zamakhosi, kodwa futhi indawo ohlala kuyo, futhi ubuhlobo bomshado.
Umphakathi ungathi ithimba ukukhiqizwa, elimalungu alo ukusebenza ndawonye bese uqede imikhiqizo yomshikashika wabo ngesisekelo isimiso ukulingana, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bakuyiphi zamaKhosi. Phakathi umphakathi okuqondene uhlobo lwe ebalulekile ekukhulekeleni (njengabafokazi kuso ngokuvamile awavunyelwe), ngokulandelana ukuze abadala noma isimo umholi. zokuxhumana IsiZulu njalo zidlulela ngalé kokulimala umphakathi.
Ukuba Ngowenkolo uhlobo lwe maternally ejwayelekile kokuqala isigaba prehistory. Ngakho kwakucatshangwa kuze esanda kutholakala, futhi kwakuhambisana nendima evelele kule nkathi abesifazane emphakathini ( 'matriarchy "amandla umama) .Etnologicheskie ulwazi mayelana abantu bakudala kuzo zonke amazwekazi Zomhlaba ayisekeli le buka, nemivubukulo, ngokwemvelo yabo, awukwazi ukunikeza ubufakazi ngqo of ngokunemba noma oshibochnosti.Otmechennye yayo izimpawu uhlanga kanye nesimo inhlanganisela yayo nomphakathi kuphela izimiso jikelele etholakala okokusebenza olunzulu ethnological. Ngo isayensi empeleni ukwazi ezihlukahlukene enkulu izinhlobo ohlanganyelwe tribal organizatsii.Razlichiya phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo izikhathi kuzo ngamabanga: kukhona kubantu wema esigabeni kokubeletha, lapho umphakathi, kuhlanganise nabantu abangebona engaphezu kwengu-15, zixhunywe ubudlelwane okulula nokuzwelana (consanguine umphakathi) ngaphandle ukuzihlalela yimuphi umugqa omunye umsuka. Kuvamise abazingeli zazingavumi kahle futhi bengenalo ababutha, baphila ezimweni ezinzima imvula tropical (nambikvara-Amazon, cube yalesi siqhingi saseSumatra nokunye. D.). Akwaziwa kubantu, emphakathini, okuyinto ingenye uhlobo (Papuans), kuyilapho okuthuthukile izizwe (amaNdiya North .Ameriki, baseMelanesia bayithanda kabi) Umphakathi ngokuvamile siqukethe amaqembu ejwayelekile eziningana okulingana (umphakathi heterogeneous).

Ezindaweni eziningi esiqhingini saseNew Guinea, Papuans populated, libhekene emphakathini tribal, ogama izinombolo akuvamile idlule abantu 100. Ngo umphakathi enjalo, ungathola njalo izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko zabantu: 1) Amadoda kohlobo olulodwa * akha umnyombo umphakathi ihlale ngokwahlukana nabanye, ikakhulukazi endlini madoda; 2) omama nomkabo, abahlala kula maqhugwane umndeni nezingane zabo; ezimele izizukulwane wafika ngokuqondene umshado kwezinye izindawo; 3) nodadewabo amadodakazi abantu abangabahlali okwesikhashana, njengoba ngokushesha noma kamuva ngokuthengela emshadweni futhi ushiye imizana. umphakathi Male wenza imisebenzi okhandlayo kakhulu kwamahlathi nokuklaba izingadi izitshalo tropical: okwenziwe ngento efana namazambane, i-taro, ubhatata. amaqembu athishela kukhona ukwazi tribal, lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa yenkolo evamile. Konke lokhu kuphambene kakhulu phakathi kwamadoda nabesifazane (kwezinye izindawo baze bakhulume izilimi ezihlukahlukene).
NamaMelanesia umphakathi tribal, eqinisweni, yilokho isizwe ehlukile ulimi yayo, amasiko nezinkambiso. Ngokuvamile igama abantu, umphakathi ihumusha "thina abantu", okuyinto eveza inkolelo yokuthi amaqembu eduze efanayo, kuhlanganise kwabafazi babo, anibona abantu.