Nikon Chronicle: Izinhlu kanye nokusungulwa

Nikon Chronicle - lesikhumbuzo elikhulu kunawo wonke zomlando kwekhulu le-16. Kuyathakazelisa e abaqukethwe uhlu kunazo olunzulu izenzakalo zomlando isiRashiya, hhayi kutholakale kweminye imithombo wesandla.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ncwadi iqukethe ulwazi mayelana ezizweni ezingomakhelwane, lapho kunqunywa isithakazelo ososayensi kule egumbini. Wayefanele nethonya elikhulu zemihla ngemihla ezweni lethu, ngoba iyona kunazo esibanzi phakathi eminye imisebenzi efanayo.

Isingeniso inguquko yesayensi

Nikon Chronicle yaziwa jikelele sibonga umphakathi ukuba umcwaningi owaziwa V N. Tatischevu, ababesebenzisa ngakho lapho ebhalela umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko phezu umlando Russia. Wanikeza incazelo emfushane le isikhumbuzo esibalulekile, siphawula ukuthi waveza ukuthi ukubhujiswa 1630 futhi wasayinwa uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Nikon.

Engxenyeni kwekhulu le-18 yesibili, umthombo yanyatheliswa Schletzer futhi Bashilov ukuthi lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi ngesisekelo umbhalo wesandla ka-eyandulela wakhe. Ekupheleni 19 - ukushicilelwa esisha senziwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo Izinhlu ezintsha ziye zasetshenziswa. Ngo historiography zangaphambi wamavukelambuso Nikon Chronicle ukuthi balitadishisise.

Ukunakwa main ikhokhelwa emithonjeni ososayensi, okuyinto kwakheka isisekelo yokubhala. Isithakazelo it is hhayi acime e nenkathi yamaSoviet. Ngalesi sikhathi, abacwaningi wabeka isikhathi kanye nendawo ngezithako zawo, esungulwe ungubani umbhali, futhi aqhutshwa ngokujulile ukuhlaziya isimo setepolitiki kwenkathi lapho eqale khona.

On UMBHALI imibono yakhe

Nikon Chronicle uhlanganiswe ekuthatheni isinyathelo Metropolitan noDaniyeli owayenesikhundla okuthunyelwe 1522-1539, ngokulandelana. Wayethanda izincwadi zasendulo, kwadingeka ukufinyelela imibhalo yesandla yasendulo futhi wayezithanda ezindabeni zonke isiRashiya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena waba nesithakazelo mayelana nomlando wezepolitiki, asekelwe izenzo ababusi eMoscow. Ngakho-ke, ihlanganiswe ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe etsheni lesikhumbuzo benamandla zonke-Russian uhlamvu, okuyinto kunqunywa ukubaluleka yayo umcabango setepolitiki.

Maphakathi ukulalela yesakhi babe nezindaba eziningi esiphuthumayo futhi esibalulekile isikhathi sakhe. Phakathi kwabo endaweni egqamile elalihlala umbuzo mayelana nesimo sezimali Archdiocese kanye ukuhlonipha iziphathimandla ngokomoya futhi ayenemisebenzi yokuziphilisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho futhi, uDaniyeli wayengumfundi nesithakazelo ukubambisana Russia naseLithuania, kanye umlando yezwe lenkaba yawo - the ubukhulu Ryazan. Libuye libe elikhulu endaweni ababelwe ukulwa uyimbuka.

imithombo

Nikon Chronicle, umsuka zazo igama elalihambisana ne igama inzalamizi kwekhulu le-17, eqinisweni, u yabhalwa ngekhulu odlule. Tatishchev ngokungalungile bazitshela ukuthi lokhu lesikhumbuzo senziwe Nikon okungeyentatheli omunye uhlu.

Isisekelo ukubhala umlando wakhonza njengephayona indaba, ezinganekwaneni zasendulo, hagiographies, abantu, kanye izinto ezigciniwe. Lapho ebhalela compilers Tex yaheha nabanye zemihla, isibonelo Iosafovskuyu, Novgorod nabanye abaningi. Akufanele sibakhohlwe ukuthi eziningi idatha ngaphansi ukucatshangelwa lesikhumbuzo uhlukile futhi ifinyelele isikhathi sethu kuphela ngezithako zawo.

izindaba kobufundisi

Ezindabeni ezibaluleke kakhulu isikhathi sakhe ukubonakalisa Nikon Chronicle. Umsuka igama lesikhumbuzo kungenxa yephutha ngesikhathi wavuma Tatishchev. Nokho, it is ngakho siqine wezesayensi ukuthi namanje walondoloza. I compilers wesandla sekuqedile ukucubungula izinto ezibalulekile, ukuhlaziywa okuvumela ukuba uqonde ukuthi iziphi izinkinga banakekelana.

Abalobi ukuvikela impahla yesonto. The mpikiswano mayelana nokuthi ingabe zezindela ukuba ngumnikazi nezwe kanye nempahla nezinye, waba ngomunye wabangu-acute kakhulu eRussia ephakathi. Akumangazi ukuthi irekhodi linomqondo isidingo sokulondoloza yona impahla archdiocese. Nikon Chronicle, umsuka okumele kubhekwe ngokomongo kwenkathi, ophethe umqondo isidingo umfelandawonye kwamandla zesikole nangokomoya.

Izihloko lombhishobhi e 1531

Kulo mhlangano imibuzo ebaluleke kakhulu bafakwa isimo kanye isimo yesonto sezindela sabaphathi, lokubonakala lesikhumbuzo samanje. Omunye nezindaba inkani bangaleso sikhathi - lena inkinga noma ngabe zezindela ukuba ngumnikazi emizaneni noma cha. Isikhumbuzo uthi abanelungelo ukuba umhlaba Holdings e impahla. Kwaba evelele endaweni nesikhathi buka, okuyinto olwabiwa izikhulu grand.

Enye impikiswano ebalulekile ngokokuqala empilweni iSonto - kuba ngesinqumo basemasontweni Russian ngaphandle imvume waseConstantinople. Ngekhulu le-15 Russian Church uzibuse. Futhi ngakho-ke kwakudingekile ukuba silungise isimo salo esisha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngalesi sikhathi, noma yisiphi yimbuka ukulwa elalihluke ngokuphelele abanolaka. Ngakho-ke, lolu daba kuyabonakala lesikhumbuzo.

edition

Nikon Chronicle, ogama lakhe livela uhlu yayo, kamuva eyayihambisana uhlobo izinto ezisemthethweni. ukucutshungulwa Original kwakubalulekile. Ube negalelo ku-ukusalela systematization kwemibhalo archival kanye nokuthuthukiswa umcabango kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe. Umzimba we-Metropolitan UDaniyeli kwahambisana indaba Vuko nokuqala umbuso Umlobi womlando.

kwavela Ngakho edumile uhlu Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto. Lokhu isethi entsha sisetshenziswa kabanzi ikakhulukazi emibuthanweni yesonto, lapho kuqhutshelwa engxenyeni kwekhulu le-16 yesibili kwakukhona Encwadi odumile Degrees - umsebenzi, etshela ibhodi wezikhulu Old Russian, ukuphila basemasontweni. Lesi sithombe esiyisikhumbuzo Kuyathakazelisa e ukuthi umzamo wokuqala nokumisa umlando Russian.

uhlu olusha

Imithombo ebaluleke kakhulu isikhathi medieval iyona Nikon Chronicle. Kafushane ngalokhu lwaleli ungakwazi uqaphele okulandelayo: lena wesandla ezibalulekile, okuyinto yaba yisisekelo okwalandela zonke-n yemicimbi yemihla 16-17 eminyaka. yokuqala kwalo kugcinwa umyalelo kahulumeni, okubonisa ukubaluleka ukuthi wanika iziphathimandla ekulungiseleleni amakhodi amasha.

Ngemva kwesikhashana, kwathiwa eyayihambisana izinto sekushiwo. Kukhona ingxenye yayo yengeziwe, okuyinto ukhuluma ngezenzakalo ezenzeka 1556-1558, ngokulandelana. kwavela Ngakho uhlu odumile Obolensky. Lena yi-version egcwele yasekuqaleni. Ngemva kwesikhashana kwathiwa enamathiselwe amashidi zazo enwetshiwe lelandzisako zezenzakalo.

Ithonya Lako mlando esemthethweni

Ngesisekelo egumbini entsha kwesikhulu Engxenyeni kwekhulu le-16 kwelesibili emuva Nikon Chronicle. Oprichnina kwaba nesikhathi kumiswa imibono yokungabi nandaba entsha. Ivan Grozny wazama ukuchaza ubunjalo autocratic emandleni obukhosi. Ngakho-ke, lapho eqala umsebenzi asebenzayo ekwakhiweni imisebenzi ebhaliwe asekele umbono.

Eminyakeni 1568-1576 e -Alexander isiphetho waqala usethe isethi entsha enkulu, ebizwa ngaphambili. Iveza izenzakalo kokubili zomhlaba kanye nomlando kazwelonke. Wayelethwa ehlotshiswe emincanyana, njengoba indaba kwenziwa "e abantu." Nikon Chronicle, okuqukethwe okuyinto zivumelana uhlelo wenkosi futhi kubahleli lesikhumbuzo entsha, kusetshenziswa uma ubhala. Ngemva lo mbhalo wesandla yanikwa ngoZiqu-zintathu-uSergiyu sezindela, lapho aqhubeka kuze 1637.

kucutshungulwe

Ngalowo nyaka isethi wathunyelwa Order of Grand Palace. Ngakho-ke, efundwayo ukukopisha ngqo Isigodlo senziwa. It kwakheka isisekelo omunye uhlu, okuyinto kwenezelwa izinto. Kamuva Waqhubeka indaba esekelwe lesikhumbuzo esemthethweni Russian setepolitiki wageza ngekhulu le-17 - i-New Umlobi womlando. Lo magazini omusha aye wasigcina uhlu eziningana. Omunye wabo kwakungekaNkulunkulu inzalamizi Nikon, ogama lakhe awunika igama lokuthi wonke lesikhumbuzo.

isakhiwo

I izenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni-Russian babonakalisa Nikon Chronicle. Isifinyezo lesikhumbuzo kungenziwa libhekene kanje: Lo mbhalo wesandla presents izenzakalo kusukela 9 kuya ku-16 leminyaka.

Ekuqaleni, bebandla bababeka isikhumbuzo imvelo: uhlu ababhishobhi. Landelayo kuyinto akhawunti ngokulandelana kwazo zonke izenzakalo izingozi sezulu. Izigaba echaza wangekhulu le-12, esingcwelisiwe kabanzi kunalawo anikelwe eminyaka ahlukene. Ukuze uthole olunye ungeze ku emibhalweni yokuqala akutshela ngomlando kwekhulu le-16, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokubusa Ivana Groznogo.

sequels

Nikon Chronicle, lapho isakhiwo liyinkimbinkimbi ngoba zokwelapha eziningana yokuhlela has ifaka ezengeziwe. Futhi okufanele siqashelwe. Kufanele futhi usho izingcezwana yencwadi Regal kuyiphi sathathwa incazelo ezingozi eminyakeni 1533-1553. Lesi sithombe esiyisikhumbuzo - kuyingxenye ebalulekile egumbini Personal, elibamba umcondvo wemandla autocratic umbusi.

Wathi isinqamu kuyinto ethile ethakazelisa ngokukhethekile kuleyo owasebenza ngokwalokho ekuqukethe yena Ivan Grozny. Umbusi wayenesithakazelo ngokukhethekile indlela bathethelele amandla ideologically angenamkhawulo kwenkosi esihlalweni sobukhosi. Kufanele futhi kube isizathu esikhethekile sokuba kukhulunywe we lesikhumbuzo ezinjalo, njengoba indaba ngokuphila ngendodana nendlalifa yakhe.

Lokhu wesandla uchaza wokubusa Fedor Ivanovich. Umbhali uyaphawula ukuthi wayengumuntu ozinikele kakhulu, futhi iningi nesikhathi abasichitha nokuzila ukudla. Kule siyavela umfanekiso lesikhumbuzo kombusi othile omusha - umuntu onokuthula abamnene. Futhi kumthombo kukhona izindaba mayelana umcimbi wakhe eyodwa ebalulekile ekuphileni zeSonto - ukusungulwa sabefundisi eRussia. Inhloko yebandla Russian waba uJobe, owabhala indaba. Kuyo, futhi wanikeza incazelo laudatory ka Boris Godunov. Futhi echazwe mashi yenkosi Ivangorod.

indaba

Ngu Nikon Chronicle enamathiselwe eziningi imisebenzi ezithakazelisayo yobuciko. Ezinye zazo abazinikele izindikimba zenkolo, elinye - impi futhi impi yomlando kazwelonke kanye nezwe. Omunye wabo - ukuthunjwa kweConstantinople ngo 1204. Lona umcimbi lanyakazisa ukwazi ababephila ngesikhathi.

Enye indaba esitshela emzabalazweni yenduna Russian izikhulu, uVladimir sobukhosi. imisebenzi eziningana enikelwe ekulweni amaMongol AmaTatar, abaseSweden. Abanye njalo bathi isiphetho, izikhulu basemasontweni. Kufakwe iqoqo kosanta, izindaba ezivela empilweni amakhosi nabantu odumile ngesikhathi ephakathi.

nezithasiselo

Ngaphezu kwalezi izikhumbuzo, zemihla izincazelo eningiliziwe ezinye zezenzakalo zezombusazwe. Kufanele futhi usho indaba lomshado ku-internet Ivana Groznogo embusweni. Lona isiqephu ebaluleke kakhulu, ngoba le ndaba esinye sezenzakalo eziphawulekayo kunazo emlandweni Russian - ehlukanisa ubukhosi umbusi.

Ikhumbula yokuthi irekhodi bekulokhu Umnqopho we-Ivan, okuyinto esetshenziswa embhalweni ukuze bathethelele umqondo kobukhosi ngokuphelele, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ukufakwa indaba enjalo yayiwukuthi lukhulu ngemibono. Kuyinto Kuyadingeka ukuba akhulume indaba ukuthunjwa Kazan - esinye sezenzakalo ukhiye emlandweni wokubusa kwakhe.

Nokho, Nikon Chronicle akubandakanyi amavesi amaningana ezibalulekile ingatholakala nezinye izikhumbuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, akukho "Iqiniso Russian" ngokucabangela lo mbhalo wesandla - idokhumenti yezomthetho ezibalulekile. Nokho, le khodi - umthombo oyinhloko uhlamvu zonke isiRashiya. Yena yaba nethonya elikhulu emphakathini kanye umcabango zezombusazwe phakathi namakhulu eminyaka 16-17th.