Inguquko yezezimboni eRussia

Imikhakha yezimboni revolution - ukuguqulwa ukukhiqizwa yokukhiqiza ngenxa umsebenzi wezandla kule mboni. Inqubo kusekelwe ukusetshenziswa olubanzi imishini. Inguquko yezezimboni waqala eRussia ngekhulu le-19, e-30s-40s, futhi yaphela 80s kwekhulu efanayo.

Industrial inguquko yaqala ngala izimboni lapho umsebenzi wezandla kwaba luvame kakhulu. Esokuqala kwaba embonini ukotini. Izimoto waqala ekuzigingqeni zokubhala, indwangu kanye nezinye ukukhiqizwa. Futhi waqala usethe izinkampani umshini wokwakha eMoscow, eSt Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod nakwamanye amadolobha.

Inguquko yezezimboni eRussia esigabeni sokuqala besihambisana nesiminyaminya ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo zokuthutha, ujantshi kanye steamship ngokuyinhloko. Ngo-1837 lo jantshi lokuqala yadalwa. Ayeyazi Tsarskoye Selo futhi Petersburg. Futhi ngo 1851 i komzila babekwa phakathi Petersburg naseMoscow.

Industrial shintsho ezweni waqala umhla emazweni ase-European ngaphezulu athuthukile kwezomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, e-England ukuze izimboni okuqala e sixties kwekhulu le-18.

Inguquko yezezimboni waqala eRussia nemibandela emnothweni amakhosi asendulo. Lo is impela a nomthelela omubi kakhulu ijubane nokuphakama geography sokushintshela ezimbonini. Ngenxa yalokho, amabhizinisi zezimboni zabiwa sasivumela Ukuboshelwa ezweni lonke.

Inguquko yezezimboni eRussia ekuqaleni kwayo, futhi libhekene ezinye Ukwehla ekudalweni esiningi dolobha. Njengoba bevela inqaba, osomabhizinisi abaningi abangu abanalo amalungelo angokomthetho. Kule ndaba, abakwazi ngumnikazi izimboni, esele, kuye ngokuthi amandla kulendawo.

Industrial shintsho Russia akanikelanga ekuthuthukiseni amakilasi ezintsha - sabasebenzi ezimbonini kanye nonxiwankulu. Lokhu kwakubangelwa aphikelele isimiso sezomnotho amakhosi asendulo. Izisebenzi izimboni kanye izitshalo babe abalimi, ayizisebenzi. Kule ndaba, ukubunjwa wezisebenzi amabhizinisi wayengekho njalo, bese izisebenzi ngokwabo kwadingeka ezingeni kunalokho ongaphakeme ziqu.

Eyesibili izinguquko kwezezimboni waqala ekuqa- ngeminyaka yoma futhi Eighties kwekhulu le-19. Kuleli qophelo, abantu abangaphezu kwengxenye yabo bonke izimpahla ezimbonini oluqanjwe inkampani, okuyinto zinama futhi umusi izinjini, okuholela imishini ukusebenza.

Industrial inguqulelo abathintekayo (ngaphandle ukotini, emaphepha kanye umkhakha ushukela), metal nezimayini futhi Metallurgical, indwangu kanye yendwangu, uhla lwamanani kanye umkhakha uvolo. Kuleli qophelo we wezandla kanye manufactory wanqoba ukukhiqizwa endaweni yokukhanda.

Inguquko yezezimboni esigabeni yesibili yayinokufanayo izici zayo siqu. Inguquko sekuqhubeke kule ndawo entsha: uyekwa serfdom, aphethwe izinguquko ongumlimi. Zonke lezi zinguquko ziye iqedwe eziningi zezingqinamba ekwakhekeni uhlelo lamakhephithalisti isimo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, saqala ukwakha izimboni ezintsha: Petrochemical, umshini wokwakha, zamakhemikhali nezinye.

Industrial inguqulelo kwaholela ukuvela izindawo (Baku, Krivoi rog, Donbass), mahhala kusuka serfdom amasiko kanye ochumile izimo ezintsha wokusebenzela abantu, umnotho lobuchwepheshe.

Ngokungangabazeki, izinguquko kwezezimboni kwaba nemiphumela ebalulekile emphakathini. Saqala ukwakha amakilasi ezintsha. Ngemva izinguquko of onxiwankulu zezimboni waqala ubuyise zivela izikhulu zikahulumeni, abalimi, abathengisi, izicukuthwane.

Isigaba sabasebenzi ngenkuthalo kwakhiwa. Ngakho sabasebenzi namanje esimweni esinzima. Izimo zokusebenza babedla imbuya ngothi, usuku ukusebenza yayiyinde kakhulu, ukungabi namthetho, waba ngukumkani, kwakungekho kumithetho yezemisebenzi, umshuwalense wezempilo. Ngenxa yalokho izenzo lokuqala abasebenzi (isib, Morozov isiteleka e-1885 kwaba) esenzeka Eighties futhi nineties.