Izikhulu Subaltern eRussia: isihloko, izihloko. Angobani "abantwana bakwa-izikhulu eziphezulu"?

Isikhulu esiyinhloko, abasebenzi isikhulu - a division of ibutho Russian phakathi kwababusi nezikhonzi kuze 1917. Lesi sakamuva lalilide - kusukela kwezinkulu kuya sombutho. A mphathi - isiphathimandla junior M - kusukela Ensign kukaputeni. Umqondo "junior" kuleli cala kumele ahlukaniswe kusukela elithi "isikhulu ngobala" - isihloko inguquko phakathi amasosha nezikhulu owanika amasosha ikakhulukazi ovelele ababengamthandi isihloko yezikhulu.

Isifaniso zingenziwa, enempi yesimanje: sesihloko isikhulu kudinga imfundo ephakeme wezempi, ngakho kukhona "zesikhashana" isikhundla - Usayitsheni futhi corporals. Qhubekisa ngokuthwebula ngqo ezinhlwini izikhulu eziphezulu.

Ensign

Non-ethunywe izikhulu - zeziphathamandla, igqoke ukuphishekela inkanyezi (kwezinye embodiments, yimuphi omunye) - yiyona isikhundla aphansi ngendlela kwenkonzo isikhulu sika. Wezikhali ukuthi isihloko zazingekho - ke kwakuhambelana nokuka insabule a ubusosha. Ngakho, Ensign ingenye balingisi labagcamile "Bela" M. Yu Lermontova -. Pechorin.

ULieutenant, Cornet futhi Cornet

zeziphathamandla Kungase isihloko uLieutenant yesibili. Ukuyigqoka babewubona izinkanyezi ezimbili. Cornet Cornet kula mabutho futhi akhiwa elisezingeni uLieutenant yesibili. Isihloko sokuqala kuleli cala kwenzeka phakathi Cossacks, kwesibili - omunye abakhwele amahhashi ukulwa izingalo. Ngalesi isikhundla kwakulingana Navy midshipman.

Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi Army futhi Navy sonke isikhathi kwakukhona kwekuhlela kabusha lempi. izikhulu eziphezulu nazo kuzo. Kusukela 1884 Ensign isihloko sahoxiswa, futhi owokuqala junior isikhulu isikhundla Cornet futhi waba uLieutenant yesibili.

uLieutenant

zeziphathamandla futhi lieutenants wathola isihloko. Amabutho Cossack ukubahlangabeza yekhulu. Lieutenants egqoka ezizibeni ehlombe ne izinkanyezi ezintathu ngosuku ngalunye. By the way, lesi sihloko kuvamile abalingiswa ezahlukene nezincwadi zakudala Russian. Futhi iyini incazelo: uLieutenant - intsha, kodwa akukho intsha eside. Manje benza esinye "omdala" amaphutha kanye yezinqumo ezingahlakaniphile. Phakathi kwabo kukhona losers ekhadini, futhi emachawe amagwala, nabanye. ULieutenant oluhambisana elisezingeni uLieutenant ebuthweni yesimanje Russian.

uCaptain

Isihloko induna abakhwele amahhashi kuhambisana isikhundla kwabasebenzi likakaputeni, le Cossacks - podesaula. Ayefaka timphawu ne izinkanyezi ezine kwi ngamunye. Masikhumbule waphinda umkhiqizo M. Yu. Lermontova "A Hero Lwesikhathi Sethu." Kukhona le isikhundla egqoka elula Dobryy Maksim Maksimovich.

ukaputeni

UCaptain - ayanda isikhulu isikhundla. Kula mabutho sootvetstoval kuye induna, kanye Cossacks - Ukaputeni Cossack. Ukaputeni umphathise ukulawula inkampani noma ibhethri, induna - a isigaba.

Leib-Grenadier Regiment

udumo Special ebuthweni Russian wasebenzisa isikhulu esiyinhloko Life Grenadier Regiment. Labo ababefaka isihloko, njalo kwenziwe kule Into okuzogxilwa kuyona emkhakheni noma iyiphi ingxoxo.

Leib-Grenadier Regiment - elite Russian Imperial Army. It lethiwa nebhomu nge-fuse - Grenada. Okokuqala Grenadiers - lena amasosha owaliphonsa labo amabhomu. Kwakudingekile ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze uthole eduze isitha. Estestestvenno ukuthi Grenadiers babhekana ukulahlekelwa omkhulu kunayo yonke izimpi. Kubo, siye njalo yenza okwehlukile ku isimiso, futhi lapho siqashe abasebenzi.

Ngo 1756, e Riga, lenzeka pery Grenadier Regiment ngesinqumo somthetho we Empress Elizabeth. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, inkampani ephethwe grenadiers ku regiments elihamba phansi. Okokuqala Grenadier Regiment heroically wazibonisa e impi ye Kunersdorf iMpi Yeminyaka Engu-Seven '. Kwaba lomshini wakhe wanquma umphumela yonke impi. Ngo-1760, iyunithi wathatha Berlin komakhelwane. I ibutho zihlukaniswa ngoba isibindi sakhe ezimpini Russian-Turkish, futhi 1775 yena waklonyeliswa isihloko - Life Grenadier Regiment. Khonza kwathiwa wabhekwa njengonodumo, futhi ukukhethwa zamandla abazobhapathizwa olwenziwa yokufuna yayo.

Izikhulu njengesici esibangela i-ukunxenxa izikhulu

Akumelwe sikhohlwe ukuthi la maphoyisa eRussia phambi inguquko - it is a post wezempi hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi isihloko yomphakathi. Ngaphambi inguquko lalibhekwa lahlotshaniswa nokuba nomqondo "enhle", njengoba kwakunjalo kusukela kwamadoda asebukhosini, wona kubhekwe kuyisibopho sakhe kusevisi lawobaba, unomsebenzi izikhulu. Ngalesi isimo ubanikeze amalungelo. Kuphela inkonzo wesikhulu samasosha ukuba wabhekwa njengonodumo phakathi ekilasini nelungelo.

Hhayi ngephutha, amaBolshevik ngesikhathi salezi zinguquko ngendlela engafanele zisebenzisa igama elivamile elithi "isikhulu", egcizelela ekilasini yabo yezenhlalo. Phakathi Soviet ibutho kwekuhlela kabusha ngesikhathi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, abaningi Soviet ukulwa division yenkulungwane amabutho izinduna owalwa kulwiwa ngokuba iRed Army, wabhala imibiko nokudilizwa mass. Bathi igama elithi "isikhulu" ibonwa ezingqondweni zabo ngokuthi 'isitha "," enhle ", ngakho-ke abakwazi ukubekezelela isihloko" izikhulu waseSoviet. "

Khona-ke isisusa ukusungula simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: amaJalimane ezisengozini hhayi kombuso wamaSoviet, kanye ezweni, ngakho-ke kwakudingekile ukuba akhohlwe umehluko ngemibono nezombusazwe kanye ukuvikela izithakazelo Russia. I kabusha wadala umoya phambili nge ngokunqoba yenkosi lempi. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, ke akuvumelekile sikhulume kunqoba okukhazimulayo ojenene Russian esikhathini sangaphambi wamavukelambuso.

"Izingane izikhulu eziphezulu"

Ngisho Petr Veliky waqaphela ukuthi olukhuni lombhalo uhlelo eRussia kubathinta kabi ekuthuthukiseni isimo: cishe bonke labantu esimweni ukunganaki nokungabi nandaba. Ezicukuthwaneni wayazi ukuthi Noma ngabe yikuphi, izoya isikhundla esiphakeme umsebenzi. Abanye, kunalokho, bayaqonda ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo akunakwenzeka "gxuma phezu kwekhanda lakho." wezinguquko Omkhulu waphula isiko eminyaka ubudala: simo kwakungamadodana amaviyo ngamaviyo, kwaba kamuva okungase ukhushuliwe wonke amakilasi.

Revolutionary kwakuwukuthi emva kokufinyelela isikhundla somuntu ekuzuzeni isihloko yesikhulu. abantwana baKhe esikhathini esizayo futhi banelungelo uthole lesi sihloko. Empeleni, kwaba khona uguquko ezaqedwa olukhuni lombhalo uhlelo ezweni lethu. Nokho, labo abantwana abazalwa kuze uyise isikhundla oyifunayo inikezwa esikhethekile - ". Amadodana (izingane) izikhulu eziphezulu"

Ngakho, sichaza kabanzi mayelana nokuthi yini kuleli cala ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela. Njengoba indodana isikhulu esiyinhloko othandwa isihloko nelungelo? Kuphela sokunconywa siqu. Ukuze zonke ezinye uvo corporation ekhethekile-ekhululiwe ukuthi kwaba ngaphezu isikhundla sazo sokuqala, kodwa ngezansi ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela. Kamuva, ngo-1832, "abantwana bakwa-izikhulu eziphezulu" bayoba nesimo esibalulekile - "izakhamuzi nezihloniphekile."