The Battle of Kunersdorf. Imiphumela iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Ayisikhombisa '

The Battle of Kunersdorf kwaba enye yezimpi ezinkulu iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Ayisikhombisa '. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kwakungokukaNkulunkulu uhlamvu juqu, imiphumela ngokunqoba ngenxa yezizathu eziningana winner ayikwazanga ukusizakala. Ngakho, imiphumela Iminyaka eyisikhombisa neMpi impi ka kunersdorf akunqunywa, futhi eziningi nezinye izinto. Noma kunjalo, leli qiniso akusho inciphise ukubaluleka yezimpi emlandweni ubuciko nempi.

Izimbangela iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Ayisikhombisa '

Isizathu esikhulu iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Ayisikhombisa 'kwaba ukuphikisana okukhulayo phakathi kwemibuso yaseYurophu ezinkulu: Prussia naseGreat Britain ngakolunye uhlangothi kanti uMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma abakwaHabsburg, eFrance, eSpain kanye Russian Empire - ngakolunye. Ukujoyina impi futhi eziningi uthi ezincane. Isihloko umbango abangu kutsho emakoloni kwezilwandle, kanye impikiswano indawo phakathi Prussian Hohenzollern futhi Habsburg Austrian ngokuphathelene eSilesia.

Iningi lezizwe ezinkulu aseYurophu kuyanda Angenelisekile yasePrussia, okuyinto esephula uhlelo akhona ubudlelwane geopolitical. Ngesikhathi esifanayo phakathi umqhele British neFrance babesaqhubeka izingxabano phezu amakoloni kwezilwandle, wedlula ezimpini wendawo. Lokhu kwashukumisela umfelandawonye British ne Prussians, ngokumelene ababengasekho French. Russian Empress Elizabeth futhi akakuthandanga ukuthi kunyuke noFrederick II - iNkosi yasePrussia.

Ukugqashuka kwempi

Impi yokuqala waqala amabutho Prussian. Ngehlangothini yabo, kwaba uhlobo isiteleka pre-emptive. NoFrederick II - King of Prussia - engafuni ukulinda kuze izitha zakhe eziningi ukubutha zonke amandla futhi ube nomdlandla kube lula ngawo.

Ngo-August 1756, amabutho Prussian ehlasela yoKhetho Saxony, owawungumnyaka sizana Austrian abakwaHabsburg. Ngokushesha matasa le ubukhulu. Ngemva nje kwalokho, Russian futhi njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma iqale impi ngo-Prussia.

Phakathi 1757 ukulwa phakathi Habsburg namabutho Prussian bamasha nge ntshashintshe okuphumelela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo i-esebenzayo ukulwa imisebenzi bajoyinwa Sweden neRussia, owawungumnyaka induna yebutho, Field Marshal UStepan Fedorovich Apraksin. Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu izenzo elikhiqizayo amabutho Russian zigcine ukunqoba brilliant at Gross-Egersdorf.

Ngo 1758 umyalo yebutho Russian wayalwa ukuba Jikelele Fermor. Ekuqaleni, phansi kobuholi bakhe, amabutho isinyathelo kunalokho ngempumelelo. Kodwa ngo-August, impi ye-zorndorf, elingazange fikisa ahlula kwenye iphathi, kodwa kwakuwufanele iminikelo emikhulu.

isinyathelo sezempi ngosuku olwandulela impi ka kunersdorf

Entwasahlobo ka-1759 induna amabutho Russian wamiswa jikelele-e-abakhulu Petr Semenovich Saltykov. Yena kwakubhekwa njengendlela umkhuzi onokwethenjelwa futhi babhekana nazo, kodwa kuze kube manje akukho amasevisi oluvelele ingekho ohlwini ngaye.

Ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe, ibutho Russian bamasha entshonalanga ngase- uMfula Oder, uhlose uhlangane amabutho Austria. Phakathi kwalolu shintsho, Juni 23, 1759, amabutho Prussian, ehlanganisa 28.000 wahlulwa at Paltsige. Ngakho ngempumelelo PS Saltykov waqala umkhankaso wakhe wezempi. Ngokushesha wamabutho Russian kanye Austrian wajoyina e Frankfurt an der Oder.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo noFrederick II eyayihamba ngase lihlaselwa amabutho ahlangene, befuna ukuba sibanqobe empini key, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukuvikela inzuzo ngokuhamba yonke impi.

Agasti 12, nezitha ibutho wahlangana ukuzama ukuxazulula isiphetho impi empini eyaziwa ngokuthi Battle of Kunersdorf. Unyaka 1759 kwaphawulwa ngowokuqala yezimpi ezinkulu.

amabutho amaqembu

Ukuze indawo empini, okuyinto kamuva okwakuzoba yisikhungo eyaziwa ngokuthi impi ye kunersdorf, Prussian Korol Fridrih II ehola ibutho ehlanganisa amasosha 48.000. Iningi lazo Babegogodile Veterans, udlule Prussian esikoleni wezempi, futhi bahlanganyela ezingaphezu kweyodwa impi. 200 wezikhali izingcezu kwadingeka Ngaphezu kwalokho, ebuthweni lasePrussia.

Njengengxenye amabutho isiRashiya, kwakukhona amasosha amane analinye amawaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, PS Saltykov possessed abakhwele amahhashi ehlanganisa 5200 Kalmyk nabagibeli. amabutho Austria ngaphansi kokuqondisa Ernst uGideyoni von Lauda olunezinombolo 18.500 impi nabamahhashi. I Union Army kwadingeka e lonke inani 248-th wezikhali izingcezu.

Indawo amabutho ngaphambi kokuba impi

Ibutho Prussian kukhona indinganiso indlela. Amabutho main babe phakathi nendawo, esisogwini izinhlangothi ala mabutho anamakhanda, kanye vanguard elincane elalisebenza kwaphoqa kancane phambili.

amabutho Russian kanye Austrian ekanise kwamagquma amathathu. Ngakho bazama ukuthola inzuzo phezu Umphikisi. Ukuphakama zazikhululeka ukuvikela isikhundla sabo, kodwa isitha base isithiyo ngempela ebalulekile.

Kuyinto indawo amabutho azihlanganisa kwakufanele nomthelela kanjani empini Kunersdorf. Umkhuzi Saltykov kwaba amabutho main maphakathi. I flank kwesokunxele ibutho Russian elaliholwa Duke Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn. Njengoba kwakulusuku lokuba amaJuda isixhumanisi umpofu zamabutho azihlanganisa, zinabantu e nabaningi abasanda kubuthwa, noFrederick II Kusolwa kuyingcwelengcwele kuye ukubeka babekezelela ibutho.

igagasi lempi

The Battle of Kunersdorf iqale ngo ngehora ekuseni, lapho wezikhali Prussian esevulela ngenhlamvu ebhekise kubanikazi wamabutho Allied. Isiqondiso womlilo bagxila ohlangothini flank kwesokunxele amabutho isiRashiya, iphansi kwesandla sika- Prince Golitsyn. Ngezinye 10 ekuseni, kwavula ukubuyela umlilo wezikhali waseRussia. Nokho, ukusebenza yayo ubelokhu kancane kakhulu ukwedlula Prussian. Ngemva komunye ihora amabutho esitha ehlaselwa elihamba umpofu kwesokunxele iphiko kwezinhloko zamaviyo Russian. Ngaphambi amandla aphakeme we Prussians Phiko iphansi kwesandla sika-Prince Golitsyn, kwaba ashona.

Kuleyo mpi amabutho noFrederick II wakwazi uthwebule cishe wonke wezikhali waseRussia. I iNkosi yasePrussia siye saba, ngisho wathumela isithunywa ku-inhloko-dolobha lo mlayezo.

Kodwa amabutho amaZwe Asizanayo akazange ngisho bacabange ukuyeka ukumelana. Petr Semenovich Saltykov ngaphambilini ukuze uthumele amabutho ezengeziwe ukuphakama Spitsbergen, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi babe ekulweni kunezimpi. Ukubeka khama ku amabutho azihlanganisa, noFrederick II wanquma ukwenza lokho okushiwo kula mabutho. Kodwa ngenxa sezwe elinezintaba nokusebenza ngendlela kwehliselwe kakhulu. amabutho ahlangene bakwazi ukulahla okuhlaselayo Prussian futhi balahle ibutho Frederick ovela ukuphakama Spitsbergen.

Lokhu ukwehluleka kwaba yingozi ebuthweni lasePrussia. Abaningi izinduna zayo abulawa, futhi Friedrich wasinda. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga, yena exhunyiwe izinqolobane zakhe zokugcina - cuirassiers. Kodwa babelokhu ikhukhuleke Kalmyk nalawo agibela amahhashi.

Ngemva kwalokho umbimbi all-out okuhlaselayo. Ibutho Prussian baphuthuma ukubaleka, kodwa kuminyanise at owela nakakhulu esebenzisa isihluku lesi simo. NoFrederick II lena abakazi inqotshwa kabuhlungu ezinjalo. Kulaba 48.000 amasosha yenkosi wakwazi ukuba bahoxe ekungeneleni isikhala impi anamandla ayizinkulungwane ezintathu kuphela. Yaphela kanjalo-ke impi ye Kunersdorf.

ukulahlekelwa amaqembu

Phakathi nempi, kwashona abantu abangu-6271 kusukela ebuthweni lasePrussia. 1356 amasosha kwakukhala ibhungane, nakuba, cishe, amaningi awo bathole ukufa. Ngo abantu 4599 bathunjwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-2055 nesosha washiywa. Kodwa isabelo esibalulekile kakhulu phakathi ukulahlekelwa Prussian balimala - 11342 umuntu. Ngokwemvelo, abakwazanga kubhekwe usuyinto ukulwa amayunithi. ukulahlekelwa Inani ebuthweni lasePrussia kwaba 25623 umuntu.

Amabutho Allied balahlekelwa lokungekho ngephansi. Ngakho, wabulawa abantu 7060, zazo 5614 futhi 1446 Russian Austrians. Kulahleke amasosha e 1150, zazo 703 Russian. Isibalo kwalimala Udlule inombolo ephelele yabantu 15.300. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuqaleni kwaliwa amabutho Prussian athumba abantu abayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu Union Army. ukulahlekelwa Ubude zaba abantu 28512.

ngemva kwempi

Ngakho, ebuthweni lasePrussia lahluleka angaba nonya kangako, okuyinto kwasho Battle of Kunersdorf. 1759 kungaba isikhathi njengofanelwe ukubhujiswa okuphelele koMbuso yasePrussia. NoFrederick II kwaba madoda anamandla ayizinkulungwane ezintathu kuphela ababengakwazi ekwazi ukumelana ehloniphekile amabutho amaZwe Asizanayo, ababebalelwa amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu. Indlela Berlin ibutho Russian wavulwa. Ngisho Friedrich ngesikhathi wayeqiniseka ngokuthi uhulumeni wakhe maduze siphele. Kakade kulo nyaka, imiphumela Seven Iminyaka neMpi mafutha ngabe wafingqa. Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi ngoba ngeke okuthiwa.

Miracle zeNdlu Brandenburg

Nokho, naphezu kwalezi amathemba ukuthi ayemakhulu amathemba ababenawo amabutho amaZwe Asizanayo, impi ye-Kunersdorf ayikwazanga ukwenza intuthuko juqu ngokuhamba imisebenzi yezempi. Lokhu kwakubangelwa khona eziningi umehluko phakathi abaholi wamabutho Russian futhi Austria. Ngaleso sikhathi, lapho-ke kwakudingekile ukuhlela umbani ukumasha Berlin, bathatha amabutho abo ngaphambi kokufinyelela ekuvumelaneni okwengeziwe izenzo ngokuhlanganyela. Futhi zombili Russian futhi Austrians zazisola olunye uhlangothi lwalo yephula sivumelwane.

Okunjalo ibutho ukuguquguquka Union ephefumulelwe Friedrich, babelahlekelwe yikho konke ithemba umphumela yimpumelelo ngenxa yezwe lakubo. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje wakwazi ukuthola amaphuzu tridtsatitrehtysyachnuyu ibutho futhi. Manje wonke umuntu wayeqiniseka ngokuthi amabutho ngeke ukwazi ukujoyina ngaphandle ukuvukelwa ngobudlova e-Berlin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukungabaza sina ngokuthi inhloko-dolobha Prussian ngokuvamile kuzothatha.

Eqinisweni, ngenxa nekubate umyalo zamabutho Allied elahlekile inzuzo enkulu wamukelwa ngemva kwepi ye-kunersdorf. Lokhu kuhle bona nje kwaqondana noFrederick II ngokuthi "Isimangaliso Brandenburg ekhaya."

I okunye Yiqiniso yokulwa

Nakuba inhlekelele Imininingwane Prussia lakwazi ukugwema, eminye isinyathelo sezempi e 1759 alikho umusa yayo. amabutho noFrederick II BakaJehova babhekana omunye ukunqotshwa ngezindawo. Prussia naseNgilandi baphoqeleka ukuba zicele ukuthula, kodwa Russia nase-Austria, benethemba lokuthola nyá Umphikisi, isivumelwano awuhambanga.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, imikhumbi yempi IsiZulu wakwazi inflict ukuhlulwa okukhulu French e Kiberonskom Bay noFrederick II ngo-1760 wanqoba Austrians at elinokukhohlakala kakhulu eliseTorgau. Nokho, lokhu kunqoba elamlahlekisela.

Khona-ke ibambene ngezihluthu ngempumelelo obuhlukahlukene. Kodwa ngo-1761 amabutho Austria futhi Russian futhi kwaba asebenzelana uchungechunge kwasani ukunqotshwa isimo Prussian, okuyindawo ambalwa wayekholelwa ukuthi uzosinda.

Nalapha noFrederick II, ukulondolozwa ngesimangaliso lokhu. Russian Empire wenza ukuthula naye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wangena empini ohlangothini isitha yamuva. Lokhu kuchazwe iqiniso lokuthi iNdlovukazi Elizabeth, ohlale ebona usongo Prussian, bathatha ngodlí i-sobukhosi German owazalelwa uPetru III, ngokoqobo ezikhulekelwa noFrederick II. Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni Ukuthi lo mqhele Prussian kwaphinde ukulondolozwa.

Ukugcwaliswa iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Ayisikhombisa '

Ngemva kwalokho, kwaba sobala ukuthi akekho amaqembu ngeke bakwazi ukufeza ukunqoba yokugcina ingxabano esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Nokho, ukulahlekelwa ukuphila kuzo zonke wamabutho wafinyelela omkhulu, futhi behlale belwa amazwe izinsiza ziye isiyaphela. Ngakho-ke, kusho iqhaza empini, baqala ukuzama aphikisana wodwa.

Ngo 1762 France futhi Prussia wavumelana emhlabeni. Futhi ngonyaka ozayo, impi yayisiphelile.

Isiyonke imiphumela ka iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Ayisikhombisa '

Isiyonke imiphumela ka iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Ayisikhombisa 'kungenziwa esachazwa izifushaniso ezilandelayo:

1. Gcwalisa wokunqoba hhayi izuzwe yiluphi uhlangothi ukuxabana, kepha ukwazi kangcono ukufeza umfelandawonye Great Britain Prussia.

War 2. Seven Iminyaka 'kwaba kwezinye zezimpi zokuchitheka kwegazi okukhulu kunakho kwekhulu XVIII.

3. The Battle of Kunersdorf nezinye imisebenzi ngempumelelo ibutho Russian abangu offset lokungafani izikhundla ne Austrians kanye ukuthula ahlukene kaPetru III, noFrederick II.

4. British ephethwe ukuthwebula Ingcenye eqakathekileko yomsebenzi wehlelo amakoloni French.

5. Prussia ekugcineni wamuka yeSilesia, amangalelwe ngohlelo Austrian abakwaHabsburg.

Imiphumela iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Ayisikhombisa '

Ngisho nangemva kokuba isiphelo sesimiso ukuphikisana phakathi amaqembu amazwe emhlabeni baye singakaxazululwa, kuphela onezinkinga nakakhulu. Kodwa ukulahlekelwa omkhulu wokuphila futhi ngikhandlekile kwezomnotho of kwamaqembu alwayo ngenxa iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Ayisikhombisa ', kwenza kwangenzeka nganoma resumption emikhulu empini phakathi umfelandawonye amazwe aseYurophu kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII, lapho ekuqaleni inguquko French kanye kaNapoleon Izimpi. Nokho, izingxabano wendawo eYurophu ngempela ngokuvamile kuphakama ngisho kule nkathi. Kodwa injongo eyinhloko empini ne division wamakoloni omhlaba wonke ayebheke eziseza.