Qin Dynasty: umbusi wokuqala of China united

IsiShayina Qin lwamakhosi liqhubeka nokubusa emashumini nenxenye kuphela. Nokho, kwaba wakhe, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke umbusi wokuqala leli gama - Qin Shi Huang, wayemiselwe ukuba yehle emlandweni njengoba unifier wemibuso Chinese disparate ibe umbuso owodwa endaweni eyodwa, wabeka izisekelo ekuthuthukisweni kwezenhlalo nezomnotho, zokuphatha nezombusazwe China eminyaka amaningi ukuba eze.

Isizinda umbuso China lasendulo

Phakathi eyesihlanu lwesithathu eminyaka BC, imibuso lasendulo e China ehlale impi nomunye ubukhosi. Kulezi zimo, Ngokuzayo babekwazi ukunikeza kuphela inyunyana izinhlangano ezehlukene zibe amandla olulodwa namandla, nekhono ukuvikela imingcele yayo uyokulwa nezitha zangaphandle balithumba izigqila ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane nomhlaba omusha. Ngenxa yobutha okuqhubekayo ababusi Chinese ukuzihlanganisokhu babekwazi kwenziwe kuphela amandla ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa ngokuthi yi kunayo, eyagcina okwenzekile.

Isikhathi sokuphumula kusukela kwabaneminyaka engamashumi 255 222. BC langena umlando Chinese njengoba inkathi United ezilwayo - "elwa (noma ukulwa) mibuso". Eziqine walabo ubukhulu ka Qin (banamuhla Shanxi). umbusi walo, Ying Zheng esihlalweni sobukhosi eneminyaka engu-nambili, kodwa ngokushesha okukhulu owayevelele njengenceku umbusi onamandla futhi unonya. Ngaphambi yobudala bakhe obuswa isimo Qin Lu Bu-wei, i umthengisi ezinethonya courtier. Kodwa ngokushesha nje lapho umbusi Qin sasiyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili nanye, ngokushesha wathatha amandla ezandleni zabo siqu, okwalapha kokulahla Lu Bu-wei, wazama, abhujiswe.

Ngenxa yalokho iminyaka eminingi ukushikashikekela 221 BC, Ying Zheng wakwazi ukuba ngahlule zonke "ezilwayo States", omunye ngemva komunye: i-Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan futhi Qi. Standing ngasekhanda onamandla amakhulu, Ying Zheng wathatha isihloko esisha yena kanye nenzalo yakhe - ". Komthelo wombusi omkhulu" "Huangdi", okwakusho

Qin Shi Huang - umbusi wokuqala of China

Qin Empire kwadonsa insimu enkulu - kusuka Sichuan futhi Guangdong waseNingizimu Manchuria. Njengoba enyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi ngaphansi kwegama Qin Shi Huang, "umbusi wokuqala we Qin Dynasty," Ying Zheng kwasekuqaleni wabhubhisa zokwakheka geqe abangaphansi ke ihlala. Isimo lahlukaniswa laba izifunda ezingamashumi amathathu nesithupha, ngamunye okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi District Military. Ngesikhathi inhloko endaweni Emperor of China ngamunye setha babusi ababili - ezivamile ezempi.

Kwakuthinta ikhinyabezwa ngamandla ebukhosini. izihloko Owabe ahlukile abangu ezaqedwa - manje umbandela we izikhulu babe ezingeni ingcebo namasevisi isimo. Izikhulu zikahulumeni nzima apharathasi phansi manje ngaphansi kokulawula ekuphathweni emaphakathi, lokhu lula ngokwethula sikhungo kwabahloli ukuqapha imisebenzi yabo.

Qin Shi Huang kwadingeka eziningi nezinye izinguquko okuyinto eyaduma Qin Dynasty: yena obumbene uhlelo yemali, wasungula uhlelo esinobunye isisindo, umthamo kanye nobude kulo lonke leli zwe, kwaba iqoqo imithetho, yasungula uhlelo lizwe-wide eyodwa lokubhala.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, base ngokusemthethweni ajeziswe kanzima kwesokudla khulula ukuhweba emhlabeni, okwabangela engakaze ibonwe kuze kube manje nokunonophala kwamadoda asebukhosini, kanye nobuhlungu omkhulu abakhululekileyo nabayizigqila. A nokwanda okuphawulekayo ukucindezelwa intela kanye nomshikashika nezibopho, kanye nemithetho emisha elawula kakhulu ekuhlinzekeni imitfwalo yenu ehlangene, okwaholela okwandile ukuhweba ngezigqila. New azi - ocebile ababazi, zababolekisa ngemali enkulu kanye abahwebi - kwekuhlela kabusha ukuthi ngiqhuba Qin lwamakhosi asekelwe kakhulu, kodwa Izicukuthwane wayeneminyaka abalusizi kakhulu nabo. Confucians avete isimo odlule, waqala ukugxeka obala kuhulumeni ukubikezela umbuso ukufa okusheshayo. Ngenxa yalokho, ngemiyalo yezikhulu Qin Shi Huang, le Confucians ezabekwa phansi kuya yokucindezelwa okukhulu kakhulu.

imisebenzi Ukwakhiwa eMbusweni Qin

Phakathi nokubusa Qin Shi Huang kwenziwa ezinkulu ukwakhiwa inethiwekhi wokunisela izindawo nemigwaqo lasakazeka ezweni lonke ngokushesha. Eminyakeni 214-213 BC waqala ukwakhiwa uthango sokuphana ngento enkulu - the iGreat Wall yaseChina - ukuvikela imingcele esenyakatho umbuso kusukela abayimizulane.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-engxenyeni yokugcina abavubukuli ngekhulu lesibili ayezifundile ethuneni ngokubabazekayo Qin Shi Huang. Esikhathini Crypt enkulu yayibizwa immured lonke "ubumba ibutho" - igcwaliswe namakhulu ayisithupha wokuphila-usayizi tinongo amasosha nempi-amahhashi, "uqapha" ukuthula kwaphakade kuKesari.

Inkolo eMbusweni Qin

Inkathi lapho iziphathimandla e China kwaba Qin lwamakhosi, kwakuyinkathi ukubusa egcwele enkolweni. Tonkhe tinhlaka temmango bakholwa oda kwemvelo zezwe. Ngokwe ukubukwa ukuthi iphakame eside ngaphambi Empire Qin, ukuba khona enkulu yomhlaba yayisempini kunqunywa nokuxhumana ngezimiso ezimbili cosmic - yin ne-yang. Okunye okusondelene kakhulu nalokhu umqondo wokuthobela omunye umuntu izinkondlo emhlabeni ezinhlanu. UMbusi limenyezelwe nenhlalakahle kwemvelo ababeze esehla ezulwini. Kukholakala ukuthi nguye ngaphansi kwesivikelo zonke izakhi, futhi "okulingana" ilanga wakhe wasezulwini isinyathelo.

Qin Shi Huang ngokwakhe zihlukaniswa yenkolo kakhulu, kuyehla kube fetishism bakudala nasekukholelweni ezeni. Wayevame yakhetha ezihlukahlukene iziphonso, ubuthakathi, ngachitha isikhathi esiningi futhi umzamo ekufuneni "elixir ukungafi", ngisho nakulezi amagobolondo for uhambo ezinkulu kulezi ziqhingi-Japanese.

Qin Dynasty: ukuwa

Ngo-210 BC, ngesikhathi omunye ukuvakashelwa wokuhlola ezweni, umbusi Qin Shi Huang wafa ngokuzumayo (mlando zikholelwa ukuthi ngesikhathi eneminyaka engu-amahlanu nanye). Enyukele sobukhosi indodana yakhe, u-Eri Shi Huang, ezazama ukuqhubeka Inqubomgomo kayise. Nokho, wakwazi baqhoqhobale iminyaka emibili kuphela. Ukunganeliseki ngezinhlelo izingxenye ezahlukene sabantu ngakho njengendlela sokubusa koMbusi Qin lwamakhosi, lakhula laba yombango. It kwaqala ukuvukela abalimi ngaphansi kobuholi Chen Sheng (209-208 BCE). abaninimhlaba elikhulu, kanye inzalo ubudala, ukuhlonipheka ubudala futhi evukela kuhulumeni, kanyekanye esalwa no izihlubuki abalimi.

Ngo 207 BC-Eri Shi Huang wabulawa. A Zhao Gao, izicukuthwane okuphawulekayo izihlobo kombusi, owayehola ugobe, wamfaka esihlalweni sobukhosi isimo indodana yakhe siqu - Tszy Ina. Nokho, umbusi omusha awuzange ezimiselwe ukuhlala esihlalweni sobukhosi. Hhayi ngaphezu kwenyanga Zi Ying and uyise babulawa ezicukuthwaneni ukukhononda. Yibona amadoda zokugcina abahlobene ngegazi kuya Qin Shi Huang. Ngakho, i-Qin Dynasty e China wawa, kokuba khona kwamashumi amabili.

Ukubaluleka komlando Qin Dynasty

Dala eChina uMbuso owodwa onamandla eyodwa esadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni phambili zomlando wezwe. Ubunye zezombusazwe yamazwe, ukuba semthethweni ilungelo yangasese, division of the labantu isimiso impahla kanye wokuthatha amagadango ukuthi ukusekela ukukhula ukuhweba - konke lokhu kwaba nesandla ekuthuthukiseni ubudlelwane ukuhlangana kwezenhlalo nezomnotho kuleli zwe, wabeka izisekelo setingucuko olwengeziwe.

Nokho, izinyathelo eziqinile kakhulu ukuthi Qin Dynasty ezenziwe ndawonye isimo, lapho kubhujiswa lesi Izicukuthwane ubudala, ukucindezela intela, amanani ephakeme nemisebenzi, abachitha abakhiqizi amancane kanye naphakathi, kwaholela flash enamandla yokuvukela elaphela nokubusa kwakhe.