Ubuhlobo kuhulumeni kanye nomphakathi. Theory of State and Law

Ngemva ekuqaleni umcabango ngokwesayensi ukuhlukanisa imiqondo ezifana umphakathi kanye nesimo, kunenkinga of ukuhlanganisa yabo. Le nkinga ngempela eziyinkimbinkimbi neziphuthumayo kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, VM Korelskiy ngisho ukholelwa ukuthi lokhu umbuzo labalulekile eluLwimi imfundiso yokuziphendukela umthetho. Kulesi sihloko sizozama sokulungisa le nkinga. Uyazi, ikuphi ukuhlobana okukhona zombuso nasemphakathini ezinkathini zomlando ezahlukene, kanye ezweni lanamuhla.

Imiqondo "umphakathi" futhi "State"

Umphakathi - kuba nokuxhumana abantu abaphishekela izithakazelo yangasese. Lezi zimfuno zahlukahlukene kakhulu futhi ngezinye izikhathi wayephikisa, ngakho ayevame nqwamana nomunye. Society, kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi nakanjani kuholela ukudalwa isimo. Iqiniso lokuthi kukhona isidingo harmonization iqembu futhi izithakazelo yangasese futhi ezwakalisa jikelele yabo isithakazelo isisekelo. izici isimo zimi kanje: kuba inhlangano ezindabeni zezombangazwe zomphakathi, okuyinto asishayisani ngqo nomphakathi. Siqukethe nabaqashwa (ie izikhulu), uhlelo ejensi ahlukahlukene kahle kwemandla embuso nezikhungo sibhekwe (izinkantolo, amaphoyisa, amabutho empi, amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi). Ngenxa yalokho, isimo - ke kuyindlela zezombusazwe zalo khona umphakathi unikezwa. Wokuqukethwe enquma ngqo nomphakathi fomu. Nokho, phakathi nawo wonke umlando womuntu, ubunjalo ukuxhumana phakathi kwazo Kwakungelula. isilinganiso kuhulumeni kanye nomphakathi ukuba ucabangele sipho ngokuningiliziwe. Ake uqale nge ezikhathini zasendulo.

State okuhle ovamile

Isimo endulo sidalwe abantu umbono okuhle ovamile. Kwakudingekile ukunqanda ukwesaba isilwane nobugovu, asivikele ezitheni zangaphandle, inhlangano imisebenzi zokukhiqiza, ukuphepha siqu futhi oda. Ngakho, i-ratio kuhulumeni kanye nomphakathi kuphawulwe kulesi sikhathi, kobuholi yokugcina. Nokho, kancane kancane, ama-apharathasi bureaucratic uqala ukusebenzisa amandla hhayi ukuhlangabezana izithakazelo zomphakathi kanye neqembu. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-ratio kuhulumeni kanye nomphakathi siyashintsha. Kukhona izitayela ezintsha ukuthi siyaphi ukutshela.

Izici umphakathi wendabuko, isimo amaphoyisa

Konke kwashintsha nge ekuthuthukiseni a lombhalo noma ukuzalwa umphakathi wendabuko. Kungenzeka-odiwe bese ihlelwe udlame kohlelo isakhiwa nguhulumende. Okusanda ezikhonjwe ngalesi sikhathi ukulawula esizweni esincane ehleliwe (eMpumalanga) kanye abanikazi (eNtshonalanga), lokunqoba iningi engenamandla. Kulesi isigaba ewumngcingo izithakazelo izikhulu eyakhishwa jikelele, futhi ukuze ukuthuthukisa inkampani okumemezela kahle umbuso. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakunabamemezeli ezihlukahlukene ezahlukeneyo zalo. Nokho, esitebeleni kunazo kwaba amaphoyisa isimo. Lolu hlobo-ke ngokomlando kuqala. ke sekuneminyaka isikhathi eside emazweni Western Europe kanye emazweni aseMpumalanga. despotism Oriental kanye monarchies European izibonelo zakudala ngakho. Uyini isici isimo amaphoyisa? Asivume.

Indima le nkosi esimweni amaphoyisa

Kulokhu, isimo lapho sibhekene lo mbusi, nkosi kwaba umnumzana onika izakhamuzi inkululeko ethile kanye namalungelo. I omnipotence amandla akhe waphumula okuthiwa saphezulu ivelaphi. Inkampani Ukuphathwa isiqiniseko intuthuko apharathasi bureaucratic. It enikeziwe ukulawula abantu. Uhlelo amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi ungase wokufihla noma iyiphi ukungalaleli igunya. Lokhu kwaba ilungiselelo isimo amaphoyisa.

Isimo njengesivumelwano somphakathi

Isihenqo nasebungcweleni kanye le nkosi sathathwa esikhathini kusuka 17 kuya ekhulwini le-18, lapho kwakukhona shift ukwazi kusukela ongokwenkolo wokuziphilisa. Ngalesi sikhathi, isimo saphela kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele umphumela laphezulu. Waqala ukuqonda isiboshwa izakhamuzi mahhala inkontileka ukuba anakekele izidingo zawo ngokuvamile evumelekile. Idivayisi manje isimo kwadingeka ukuba kube yilawo angenza ukuthi ingaba emphakathini. Inhloso Its main kuthiwa manje umsebenzi ohluke ngokuphelele. Umuntu kufanele unikezwe amalungelo yemvelo ekuphileni, impahla, inkululeko yokuzikhethela, ukuphishekela injabulo. Zonke amalungelo basonta zonke umuntu ngokumane ngenxa yozalo yakhe. indzima yembuso emphakathini is hlinzeka them. Ukuqaphela lokhu kuye kwaholela izinguquko ezintsha e senhlalo.

Inguquko ukuze umthetho

Uqedile ekhulwini 17-18, ukwanda kokukhiqizwa wobunxiwankulu eFrance, e-USA, iGreat Britain kwaholela ukugcwaliseka umqondo. lezi zinguquko umphumela kwaba kwathatha umthetho (uhlobo lwesibili) ka akusebenzi ngokwabo absolutist.

It proclaimed umthetho emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yokuphila komphakathi. Abantu kanye isimo angaphansi ngezinga elifanayo umthethosisekelo. Ubuhlobo Indlela yomuntu, umphakathi kanye nesimo ilungile. Ngalesi sikhathi, lapho kusungulwa i-ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla kanye isiqinisekiso lungelo, inalienable kuwo, kanye netimo tekutsi inkululeko nentuthuko yomuntu ngamunye. Manje nimemezele isibopho sezomthetho ukuphatha ngokusizana kwezomthetho yomuntu kanye nesimo nemiphumela yezenzo zazo.

Ukuvela zemiphakathi

Nokho, kuphela ukuvela zomphakathi ovuthiwe (ie umphakathi abantu abafaneleka bebodwa, ngaphandle kokungenela isimo, banamathele amafomu okuphusile nomphakathi, musa aphula ubuntu) uyakwazi ukwenza isimo ukuzijayeza yokwanelisa izithakazelo nasemphakathini wonkana. intuthuko Social manje kuncike ngokuqondile ku indalo yayo. Kumele kube khona zomphakathi asethuthukile, ukuvikela nokuthuthukisa nenkululeko ngamunye. Kuphela uzokwazi ukuvimbela i ukwanda ngokweqile uhulumeni. Kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni wayeyisisebenzi, akayibusi abantu. Futhi lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze uhlaziye indima engadlalwa uhulumeni emphakathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu kumele baqaphele isidingo ukuhlonipha wonke umuntu. Ngaphandle kwalokho, asinakuba ukukhuluma mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu zomphakathi.

Isilinganiso temphakatsi kanye isimo

Okokuqala, okokuqala akukhona ngesisekelo lakamuva. Omunye zokubonisa isimo yesibili kanye igunya emphakathini yiyona igunya wamagugu izithakazelo sabantu maqondana amagugu nezithakazelo isimo. Lokhu kubonakala uMthethosisekelo (ezweni lethu, isibonelo, ubuciko. 2 soMthethosisekelo WaseRussia), lapho wathi le ndoda, amalungelo akhe kanye nenkululeko kuyizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu. Futhi isimo ubophekile ukuba ahloniphe futhi abavikele.

Okwesibili, lokhu ubuhlobo kuyabonakala ubunye umthetho kanye nomphakathi njengoba "lonke nomphakathi". Ngesikhathi enhliziyweni wonke la manga waphishekela imigomo yabo evamile (ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, kanye nezinye). Lobu bunye kusekelwe mqondo mayelana nesimo engacabangeki futhi umphakathi ngaphandle nomunye. Kulokhu, ubudlelwano phakathi kwabo kukhona kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isimo kungenxa zenhlalakahle kanye nezombusazwe. Ngakho, abakwazi ukuthuthukisa ngisho ukuba khona ngaphandle nomunye. UMbuso kanye nomphakathi kufanele ngempela ukusebenzisana nomunye. Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona phakathi ukwencika mutual sokuncika mutual. Ngalowo okwakuthandelene imiphumela imisebenzi yabo futhi kungithinte ngamunye wabo. Ngakho, isimo umthetho kanye nomphakathi abanengxenye odingekayo emphakathini.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, naphezu khona izinhloso ezivamile, izingxabano futhi aliziphikisi phakathi kwabo azinakugwenywa. Kodwa hhayi kuphela phakathi kwawo, ngisho emphakathini uqobo. Lokhu kungenxa nokungahambisani phakathi izithakazelo zomphakathi kanye nezizimele. Isimo, isibonelo, musa njalo zithobele igunya lamanani kanye nezintshisekelo zomphakathi. Ngezinye izikhathi unika bakhethe geopolitical lalo.

Futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngezenzo zakhe kungaholela, nezithakazelo supranational. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubusa European States kuya kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho izinyathelo eqine ngokumelene Russian Federation kamuva eyabangela ukuncipha okukhulu ekukhiqizeni, ukudilika amapulazi futhi ukwanda isibalo sabantu abangasebenzi e-Europe uqobo. Nasi esinye isibonelo. Elinenkohlakalo isimo apharathasi ngezinye izikhathi engawunaki izithakazelo umphakathi. Angasebenzisa amandla akhe ukuze kwaneliswe izithakazelo corporate noma siqu noma izithakazelo yimaphi amaqembu ngabanye nomphakathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho kanye nomphakathi kuyizimbangela nokukhawulela ngomunye nomunye. Ukuntuleka mutual, kanye umthwalo zomthetho ukuze bathathe izinqumo ezihluzekile nezenzo ukudala ingozi enkulu. Ngakho-ke, isimo lokulawula zomthetho asetjenziswako phezu zomphakathi ngendlela ebekiwe ngumthetho. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukusebenza komthetho futhi kusemthethweni. Futhi, amafomu afanele temphakatsi uqaphe imisebenzi isimo.

Kungani isimo osemthethweni kungafaneleki amathemba ahambisana nawo?

Ukumenyezelwa izimiso nokulingana ngaphambi komthetho, inkululeko yabo esimweni zomthetho sike sahlangana okulindele. It akazange ayeke ukukhula ukungqubuzana nobumpofu emphakathini, futhi inhlalakahle namanje kude. Hhayi wagcwalisa benethemba lokuthi umnotho emakethe, lezi zimiso kuyokusiza ngokuzenzakalela kuholele ukuchuma isintu. Kungani le ncwadi namanje inkinga ezifanele ubuhlobo umphakathi kanye nesimo?

Okokuqala, ngenxa yokuthi isimo ekhambelana nomthetho ukwenza umsebenzi "ubusuku umlindi" okungukuthi, kwathatha phezu komthetho, ukuphepha kanye inkululeko yabantu, futhi nakowezenhlalo nezomnotho akazange angenele. Nokho, emakethe lapho kusungulwa mncintiswano khulula kuye kwaholela yokuthi ngomnotho kanye nemithombo bagxila kule amakilasi propertied. Futhi iningi umphakathi ngeke ukudala izimo zokuphila ehloniphekile.

Lokhu kwakwenza kudingeke nokunciphisa ukungalingani esebenzisa inqubomgomo yezenhlalakahle asebenzayo. Namanje kwaphinde uchazwe kabusha ratio isimo, umphakathi kanye nomthetho. Kwalandela izinguquko ezintsha. Kube isimo emphakathini.

Izici isimo nenhlalakahle

Kwakusho inguquko enkululekweni declarative namalungelo ukuzijayeza yesiqinisekiso yabo. I engavamile of isimo nenhlalakahle ukuthi ihloselwe ukunikeza zonke izimo zokuphila ngabanye ehloniphekile ngu ukuphinde sihambise izinzuzo ahlukahlukene. Kulokhu, ukusatshalaliswa, izimiso ka ubulungiswa emphakathini. Isimo kuleli cala, livele umthwalo ekukhuleni komphakathi kanye obakhathalelayo kuye. Ukhuthaza umthwalo ngazinye, ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle zokukhiqiza, umncintiswano, yangasese. Ekuphetheni, izimo njengabakufanelekelayo ukuphila komuntu, kanye namathuba alinganayo bonke ukubamba iqhaza ekuphathweni ukukhiqizwa kuphela 60s kwekhulu lama-20, kungenzeka ukuthi empeleni kuqinisekiswa isimo, bese kuphela emazweni athuthukile.

Ukuphuthuma inkinga

Society, kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi isimo njengoba inhlangano zaso zezombangazwe Sinesithakazelo kakhulu abacwaningi abaningi. Futhi ubuhlobo babo - kuba inkinga ebalulekile, ikhambi zazo kuncike ikusasa sonke. Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi abaningi abatadisha umbuzo lokho ubuhlobo kufanele kube kuhulumeni kanye nomphakathi. Ubunjalo nobuhlobo babo - ngesihloko ukuthi akuyona kuphela ukubaluleka theory, kodwa futhi ezisebenzayo. Lokhu kanye nezinye izinkinga ezihlobene zidingidwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela isimo kanye nomthetho.