Izinhlobo ekhona amalungelo omhlaba

Land kuyinto ingcebo, nekulawulwa ilungelo ubunikazi nokulawula Kwenziwa izikweletu ebuhlotsheni komthetho we-civil, ikakhulukazi the Civil Code. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola umqondo, izinhlobo amalungelo omhlaba, kanye umsuka uphelela kwalamalungelo.

Ingqikithi ilungelo lokuhlala

Ngokusho the Civil Code, ubunjalo bezwe amalungelo ubunikazi kunqunywa izingxenye ezintathu, ezibizwa nangokuthi i ngamakhono, okungukuthi, ifa, ukulahlwa, ukusetshenziswa.

Ifa lezwe yilokho okungokwenyama yayo kungokwalabo umnikazi. Nokho, izwe lingelakhe izisetshenziswa zingahle umnikazi ngesisekelo imibhalo eqinisekisa igunya lomthetho ke. Zonke izinhlobo amalungelo omhlaba adinga kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwayo, okungukuthi ukusetshenziswa impahla yayo nenzuzo (isibonelo: ukwelashwa ezweni sikhule isivuno kuso).

Ngokuvamile, ukutholakala kanye nokusetshenziswa ibonwa njengoba omunye futhi isenzo esifanayo, kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso. Ngezinye izikhathi umnikazi akasebenzisi impahla yakhe, kodwa akusho ukudlulisela ubunikazi komunye umuntu. Isibonelo: umthetho namahlathi kukhona abanikazi bomhlaba ihlathi, kodwa bengasebenzisi kubo, kodwa ukuvikela kuphela kubo kusukela ukuphazamiseka emthethweni futhi ulawule umsebenzi zabanye abasebenzisi ihlathi.

Ukudluliswa Amalungelo

Ngokusho umtsetfo lokhona yeRussia, yokufuna ingcebo oluthile ezweni imithombo kungenzeka ngezindlela ezimbili, ke:

1. Privatisation.
2. Civil-umthetho indlela.

Privatisation indlela ehlanganisa izinhlobo amalungelo omhlaba zitholwa izakhamuzi ezimweni lapho:

• umuntu oyimfihlo noma zomthetho ithola kusukela isimo reserve umhlaba sokuzifunela indlela lativa ngayo, ukusetshenziswa nefa.
• Ilungu i imifelandawonye yezolimo, ipulazi collective ephuma ngezithako zawo futhi kuthatha share yayo ngendlela komhlaba.

Ngemva ukwamukelwa kwenarha eRussia ngo-1990, izakhamuzi ayikwazanga ukuthola ubunikazi ezweni imithombo kusukela Isikhwama lokwabiwa kabusha kumiswa izinsiza sokuphumula. Isakhiwo ukuhanjiswa izimali zihlanganisa reserve ezweni, abantu ababebhekwa njengabaphansi underutilized isimo kanye collective amapulazi. Ukuze ukwakheka Isikhwama ukuhlangabezana iziphathimandla zendawo, njengoba umkhuba imibukiso, ikhwalithi ezweni reserve yayingeyinhle esifundeni.

indlela Civil-umthetho ihlanganisa ekudluliselweni kobunikazi ukudayiswa, ezenzweni isipho, ukudluliswa ifa kanye nezinye izenzo zomthetho kuholele umuntu noma inhlangano ozuza ubunikazi bezwe esebenzisa yokubhaliswa iziqondiso komthetho we-civil.

Ukunqanyulwa kobunikazi

Ukupheliswa ubunikazi bezwe kungaba kwenziwe elandelayo izindlela ezingokomthetho:

• Indlela ejwayeleke kakhulu - izenzo civil. Kungaba ukuthengiselana commercial eziletha umnikazi uyolahlekelwa amandla ubunikazi. Ngokuvamile ubunikazi ezweni inqanyulwa nge umnikelo, kanye exchange. Nokho, esimweni exchange yomnikazi ilahlekelwa ubunikazi isiza bese uba omunye.
• Ukulaxazwa kobunikazi. Kulokhu, ukuqedwa kwesokudla uhlehlisiwe njengoba nje ngeke zitholwa omunye umuntu.
• Redemption komhlaba ayezosetshenziswa umphakathi.
• Ukuthathwa kwempahla izibopho yomnikazi. Isibonelo: yokutakula wesikweletu eseduze Inhlangano (umhlaba) umnikazi ngenxa non-ukugcwaliseka izibopho zokugcina.

Imisebenzi yomnikazi womhlaba

Umtsetfo lokhona we Russian Federation engachazi nje ukuhlala izinhlobo kanye namafomu amalungelo omhlaba, kodwa futhi umthwalo yomnikazi yale mibuso. Njengoba izwe linjani, ngaphezu into impahla siqu, ngisho uyingxenye yesimiso semvelo esifundeni ngisho isimo, khona-ke umnini ezweni kukhona umthwalo wemfanelo othile ukusetshenziswa kwaso. Okokuqala, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumnikazi izinhlobo amalungelo omhlaba, umthetho ezweni uphoqa umnikazi akwephuli amalungelo abanye abasebenzisi umhlaba.

Ikakhulu, isibopho umnikazi kuhambisana zonke izinkambiso nime ukusetshenziswa kwempahla engagudluki inhloso yazo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma izwe lase aluthola ukwakhiwa, umnikazi ubophekile ukuba afeze umsebenzi wokwakha ngokuhambisana abantu bavikelekile ezingozini zomlilo lwekutfutfukisa namazinga yezakhiwo.

Uma sikhuluma ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wezolimo, umnikazi womhlaba kumele ihlele wabo ukuze singathwesi ukugxambukela imisebenzi izakhamuzi endaweni efanayo eduze lapho kukhona ezithile amalungelo omhlaba. Land ngesikhathi esifanayo kumele kusetshenziswe inhloso yazo. Kulomkhakha, ubudlelwane imithetho ekhona ikhomba ukwephulwa ezilandelayo: isetshenziswe ezingafanele isayithi futhi odla kanye ukutshala izindlela zayo, okuholela nokwehla kanye Ukuwohloka impahla yayo nenzuzo, kanye nokwenqaba ukuba afeze izinyathelo ayimpoqo ukuthuthukisa yokulima.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke izinhlobo amalungelo okusetshenziswa komhlaba emkhakheni wezolimo sizokwenza kumnikazi wawo noma eyisakhamuzi ukuhambisana nezimiso zemvelo ngaphandle kokuyekethisa isimo emvelweni esifundeni. izibopho engeziwe avele abanikazi injongo ezindaweni ezikhethekile, ezifana nemvelo reserves, spa nokuphila kahle endaweni.

Amafomu kobunikazi umhlaba

Ngokomthetho Russian zamanje, amafomu ngabanikazi bomhlaba zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu:

• ubunikazi Private siqukethe amalungelo izinhlangano ezingokomthetho futhi izakhamuzi.
• Ubunikazi State kuhlanganisa ilungelo emazweni akahulumeni noma abasebenzeli bayo. Hlukanani leli fomu sobunikazi, iziphathimandla federal noma imigwamanda obumba republic nezinhlangano ezimele lo mfelandawonye.
• ubunikazi kaMasipala ilawulwa kohulumeni basekhaya.

izinhlobo amalungelo omhlaba akhona Russian Federation

Amandla ngabanikazi bomhlaba kukhona izinhlobonhlobo eziningana. Izinhlobo kanye namafomu amalungelo omhlaba, kanye okuqukethwe kwabo kuyabonakala e umtsetfo lokhona, izikweletu ezifana Ikhodi Land of 2001 njengoba uchitshiyelwe, uMthethosisekelo, uMthetho Federal № 101-FZ. Ukwahlukanisa amalungelo impahla has a isakhiwo phezulu, okungase ngamaqembu amabili: amalungelo yangempela futhi isibopho.

Iqembu amalungelo endawo umthetho ubunikazi ngqo kanye nezinye izinhlobo amalungelo omhlaba (ifa inheritable ukuphila, esiphakade kube phakade, ifa elilinganiselwe impahla yomunye). Okunye amalungelo yangempela futhi anike umnini ukulahla izwe ekuqaleni value target, kodwa ngokubona indawo umnikazi. Izibopho izinhlobo amalungelo omhlaba Uqasha nokusetshenziswa oludlulele. Ake sicabangele ngasinye salezi zinhlobo ngokwehlukana.

ubunikazi Land

Ubunikazi of ngokugcwele amandla umnikazi ngamakhono yifa, ukulahlwa kwezinto okungalawuliwe futhi ukusetshenziswa ingcebo. Izikhonzi lo mthetho - ngabanye nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho. Into - Land, okuyinto ungumnikazi futhi uphatha impahla esetshenziswa isihloko. Umnikazi umhlaba unamandla ukusebenzisa izindawo okuqondene ke inhloso yazo, kanye nakho konke okubi ngaphansi nangaphezulu kobuso bomhlaba, ngaphandle uma kuhlinzekwe umthetho ophathelene oda sisebenzise isikhala inhlabathi kanye nomoya.

Ilungelo esaphila ifa inheritable

Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union ukuze uvale isikhala yokuntuleka ezizimele emkhakheni impahla ezweni amafomu kanye nezinhlobo ubunikazi bezwe eyayihambisana uhlelo kungaqondakala esikhathini sokuphila ifa inheritable komhlaba. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ekunwetshweni ezinkampanini ezizimele kanye naseminyangweni ukungena amandla kahulumeni Land Ikhodi ukudluliselwa komhlaba iziza ukuze izakhamuzi ngesisekelo ubunikazi esaphila uyekwa. Noma kunjalo, ubunikazi insimu, okuye sidluliselwe mzuzu ukuguqula umthetho ezweni agodliwe. Kulokhu, umuntu owayekulelo bandla anawo ukuphila ngaleso ngofuzo kwempahla engagudluki, angangena kuyo impahla.

kwesokudla Permanent kobunikazi esiphakade

Esinye isikhungo komthetho ezweni post-Soviet ilungelo ukusetshenziswa unomphela izinsiza indawo. Leli lungelo nalo enikeziwe ukunwetshwa ezizimele, kodwa maqondana abantu zomthetho. Okwamanje, leli lungelo kancane amiswe, kodwa kunalokho ayisesemikhulu kwesiyingi izinhlangano ezingokomthetho. Uma amazwe post-Soviet Kwabekwa bonke abantu zomthetho abathi phakade, kodwa manje emjikelezweni ngakwesokudla ukhetho yayizovela nezinhlangano zomphakathi (nomasipala izinhlangano, nangobudlova wendawo, izikhungo kahulumeni). Ezinye izinhlangano beswela leli lungelo, Nokho, okuyinto, akubavimbeli ukuba ukukhipha intela ye ezweni.

Kwesokudla awasetshenziswa impahla yomunye

Easements njengoba izinhlobo amalungelo omhlaba acace kakhudlwana emvelweni futhi ukuzwakala kwesokudla elilinganiselwe nokulahla endaweni angaphandle. Kukhona amacala lapho izidingo yenkosi umhlaba ngokwenyama umnikazi angeke ixazululwe ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ingxenye umakhelwane ngesakhiwo. Isibonelo: ikhambo badabula leyo ndawo eseduze angaphandle, ukufakwa zokuxhumana imigqa, kuhlanganise ugesi, wegesi, isimiso sokunisela ngenkasa.

Kulokhu umnikazi wesayithi angahle angena esivumelwaneni nomakhelwane ngakwesokudla chastbyu ukusetshenziswa insimu yalo (easement) ngemali ethile. Uma kungekho sivumelwano, umnikazi unelungelo ukufaka icala enkantolo efuna ukuphuca lobugqila baso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umfakisicelo sokuthola ilungelo Asebenzisa izwe elingumakhelwane angeke ube ngumnikazi amalungelo ukusetshenziswa unomphela noma umhlaba ukuphila ngofuzo. Ekunqanyulweni yomnikazi easement komhlaba abadliwa unelungelo ukumangalela uma angawi noma ekugcwalisekeni engafanele nemibandela eyizigqila.

Qasha ngesakhiwo

Ukusetshenziswa komhlaba nokuzuza usukele kubo ngaphandle kokuba umnikazi wabo, zingenza ngokusebenzisa sokuqasha. Ukuze wenze lokhu, phakathi umninindlu futhi eyisakhamuzi besivumelwano esinqunyiwe eside, owawuthi isiqashi unelungelo lokuthathwa njengomsulwa yokusebenzisa umhlaba inkontileka ethile yemali futhi kuncike nemibandela echazwe izimo.

Land, yerenti, eyisakhamuzi unelungelo hhayi kuphela ukusebenzisa nezinye izinjongo, kodwa futhi ukusebenzisa amalungelo leasehold ethemini yesivumelwano anikelele egunyaziwe dolobha, idiphozi noma wabelane umnikelo, kanye uthumele kubo kumuntu wesithathu. Ukuze enze izenzo ezinjalo, uma lokhu kungekhona kuphambene isivumelwano, kwemvume ezingeziwe umnikazi womhlaba kungadingeki, nje ngokwanele isaziso esibhalwe phansi. Kulokhu, lo umninindlu unelungelo ukuba zitshele enkantolo ukuqedwa ukuqasha kuphela amacala ephule yesivumelwano. Lapho beqeda noma ukunqanyulwa amalungelo ukuqasha ukuba izwe ngokugcwele ayebuyele eziphambekweni umqashisi.

Ilungelo ukusetshenziswa oludlulele komhlaba

Izinhlobo amalungelo izwe Russian Federation zihlanganisa ilungelo okuthiwa yokusetshenziswa oludlulele komhlaba. I onelungelo ezinjalo kumelwe ukuyisebenzisela ezinye izinhloso enikeziwe ezweni isikhathi esithile bese ubuyela umnikazi womhlaba usesimweni egculisayo. Inhloso yale ekwesokudla kungaba nomasipala umhlaba, okukhulunywa ngawo umamukeli kungaba zikahulumeni neziphathimandla zendawo, kanye omasipala kanye nezikhungo zomphakathi. Isikhathi sokusebenza ilungelo ezinjalo - 1 unyaka.

amalungelo Into ukusetshenziswa oludlulele komhlaba futhi kungaba ezweni abantu yemvelo kanye zomthetho ukuthi badluliselwe ukusetshenziswa ezinye ngabanye kanye nezinhlangano. Ukuhlola ngokuqinisekisa izibopho eyasungulwa inkontileka noma esaphila wesisebenzi (in the case of the abasebenzi ukubeka nangaphansi komhlaba).