Imithombo MCHP: izinhlobo kanye nezici

International Private Law (IPL) - uhlelo olulodwa, okuyinto links imithetho komthetho yasekhaya uMbuso izivumelwano nemikhuba ukubaluleka ngamazwe yakhelwe ukuba alawule civil, zomthetho, tisebenti kanye nalabanye ubudlelwano yangasese lapho kukhona isici angaphandle. Kulokhu, ubudlelwano zomthetho yangasese kungaba kokubili abantu zomthetho futhi zemvelo. Siyini isisekelo, futhi njengoba naye uyakuliphuza ukuhlinzekela ukukhulumisana okunjalo?

Imithombo MCHP: umqondo nezinhlobo

Ngo zomthetho isayensi Imithombo yomthetho wezizwe bakha ifomu yokukhuluma kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinkambiso zomthetho international, okuyinto sici ngokucacile. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ethize isisindo kwemigomo umthombo MPP ziyahlukahluka emazweni ahlukahlukene.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kwelinye futhi ezweni elifanayo ungafaka isicelo imithetho, ethathwe emithonjeni ehlukene. Konke kuncike uhlobo ubudlelwano obusemthethweni.

Ukwahlukanisa yemithetho yezizwe ngezizwe

Kuye amagugu esisemthethweni:

• imithombo Material of MPP kukhona izici zokuphila emphakathini, okuyinto eziyizici isici impahla. Phakathi kwalezi kubalwa ukwenza izidingo Inhloso yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle, izimo zokuphila kwansuku zonke, ingxenye kwezomnotho nokunye.
• imithombo lehlelekile kuveza enezici yomthetho.

Kuye ithuluzi letikhetselwe zokuhlala izingxabano izinhlobo IPL imithombo zihlukaniswe zibe:

• Ukhiye. Lezi zihlanganisa izivumelwano olubaluleke ngamazwe, amasiko uhlamvu lomthetho ngamazwe.
• Asizayo. Faka imibhalo bemvelo ezahlukene (nezimemezelo, izitatimende, izinqumo, isimemezelo nabanye), okuyinto ezisayinwe amalungu ezinhlangano wenziwa emhlabeni wonke, izinqumo zokwahlulela, amazwi ochwepheshe premium emkhakheni ubudlelwane zomthetho ngamazwe. Kwakamuva ukubizwa ngokuthi imfundiso.

izimiso Jikelele kanye nokuthuthukiswa komthetho wamazwe omhlaba

Le mfundiso eyasungulwa ethi ka "imigomo ejwayelekile" eyinqaba okuxubile. Abanye ososayensi adumile baphikisa ngokuthi imigomo ejwayelekile kukhona postulates of ukuma kwezomthetho yohlobo bendabuko, aziwa ngisho komthetho wamaRoma. Isibonelo esihle kukhona izitatimende mayelana yokuthi umthetho akanawo nomphumela retroactive, emthethweni othile oqondile izinzuzo esingokwemvelo phezu isimiso ezivamile, isivumelwano kufanele babulawe nokunye. Abanye ososayensi baye bathola imithetho jikelele nezimiso eziyisisekelo we MP.

izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe

Isivumelwano International - isivumelwano ithi ezimbili noma ngaphezulu komunye nomunye, kuyakuba zibhalwe futhi kuncike kumthethonqubo ngumtsetfo wemave emhlaba.

Imvelo ngamazwe yesivumelwano kuyisenzo zezomthetho isampula ekhethekile, okuyinto fixed amalungelo, izidingo nezibopho ezinkulu izifundo yomthetho wezizwe maqondana nomunye. Ukuthunywa inkontileka ezinjalo - lokulawula ubudlelwane ezivukayo phakathi izikhonzi MPP, kanye ne-software (kokubili ngokuzithandela futhi ngenkani uma ezizenzakalelayo ezinye izinto).

I-International Treaty - ungumthombo oyinhloko MPP. Ngokuthi isivumelwano ngendlela othanda ngayo, kusukela "inkontileka" evamile, "inkontileka" ziphethe 'owawuseGeorgetown "," Treatise "nokunye. D. Uyini igama isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe, ukucacisa ezinhlangothini zalo, ngokugxila kuphela esikuthandako.

I engavamile yesivumelwano ngamazwe

Izici imithombo MPP uhlobo olucutshungulwayo isibopho sawo zomthetho, okungadingi ulahlekelwa amandla alo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlobo sivumelwano abahlanganyeli kungukuthi akhethiwe, njengokungathi abazange igama. Ukugwema zoMthetho iSivumelwano luhambisana nomthwalo wemfanelo okuhambisanayo.

uhlobo inkontileka

Yiziphi izinhlobo kukhona imithombo IPL? Concept nezinhlobo kuzoxoxwa ngezansi. Ngakho, isivumelwano phakathi abahlanganyeli wezangaPhandle kungahle amafomu okubhaliwe futhi ngomlomo. Lesi sakamuva isetshenziswa Ezimweni ezingavamile kakhulu, futhi Russian Federation, singasho, it is hhayi wayekwenza nhlobo. Izinkontileka ngomlomo ngokuthi gentlemanly futhi. awayona izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, ngaphezu kwalokho, musa ukusho nature kwezomthetho, njengoba abakubonisayo iqoqo izibopho zokuziphatha.

Isimo Russian luqhutshwa nokubhalwa izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kuphela ngokubhala.

ngezigaba

izivumelwano International babe ngeengaba eziningana.

Kuya into wesi MPP imithombo zihlukaniswe zibe:

• kwezomnotho;
• inqubomgomo;
• empi;
• abanye.

Kuye inani imithombo third-party MPP yilezi:

• lokuvunyelenwe ngato;
• kubasekeli.

Kuye isikhathi sokusebenza:

• Esiphuthumayo (ubhalisele isikhathi esithile);
• engenazo.

Kuye ongakhetha zokujoyina njengoba ilungu SPE imithombo zihlukaniswe zibe:

• evulekile (izivumelwano, ukuba abe party unekhono ezweni lesithathu);
• avaliwe (isivumelwano lapho abahlanganyeli kumele zithobele izidingo ezinqunyiwe kanye nenqubo).

On the lokucuketfwe nekuhlela:

• uhlobo classical (sakhiwa esethulweni, evelele futhi izingxenye yokugcina).
• lula (inkontileka zazo esafinyelelwa exchange of amanothi nezinye izinhlobo amalungiselelo fixable e amathuluzi abafanele).

imithombo ezifuywayo pil: lomthetho

Umthetho uphezu kwakho konke! Emazweni amaningi kwezinkambiso komthetho kwemibuso yangasese kufake leyomithetho Russian kazwelonke. Njengoba umthombo IPL, sifaka izenzo zomthetho, okuyinto abe ikheli ukhiye, ezidinga isixazululo zomthetho.

Abayona ngaphandle futhi nezindaba ezihlobene emkhakheni wezomthetho kubhekwe. Ngesikhathi basayine umthetho ekhethekile emkhakheni umthetho wangasese wenza nokuqoshwa kwawo. Tindlelanchubo letehlukene kudala babanika izincwadi zomthetho kusikisela ukuthi indlela yenqubo wekhodi libhekene izingeniso ezihlukahlukene.

ERussia uhlelo esinobunye nokuqoshwa imithetho ezingeni likazwelonke akuyona MPP. Imithombo kazwelonke pil ku Russian Federation aqukethe amalungiselelo ngomthetho oyimfihlo esibanzi, umkhakha eqondene amaphepha zokulawula ukuthi angasebenza kunoma ezingeni futhi yanoma yimuphi umsuka. Iqhaza ehola kungokwalabo uMthethosisekelo isiRashiya, sisebenza kusukela ngo-1993. It is icaciswe esakhiweni "inqubomgomo yomphakathi yezwe" isigaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMthethosisekelo - ithuluzi ukhiye ekunqumeni imikhawulo jikelele zezenzakalo angaphandle imvelaphi umthetho neziqondiso endaweni yeRussia.

umthetho Russian yasekhaya, njengoba umthombo IPL, iqukethe iziqondiso eziningi linqume amazinga MPP ukushayisana hlobo. Into ebaluleke kakhulu kubo - Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Ukwemukelwa zayo ahlukene sihlehlela emuva 1994, 1996 no-2001, ngokulandelana.

Kuvele nani elihlaba umxhwele izingxabano izindinganiso futhi kuhlanganisa Ikhodi Umkhaya isiRashiya, sisebenza kusukela ekupheleni 1995. imithombo zomthetho International MPP zihlanganisa le dokhumenti.

umthetho Private ngamazwe eRussia futhi yimithetho neziqondiso ukuthi ukusungula imithetho yenqubo yomsebenzi angaphandle kwezomnotho kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali, lapho kukhona iqhaza angaphandle. imithombo Ngokuvamile ezibhekwa MPP zinezikhathi eyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa okuqukethwe kwabo kuchazwa kwezinkambiso yokuziphatha, nobuntu a umkhakha wezomthetho ikakhulukazi - zokuphatha, ezezimali, amasiko, ukusebenza, civil nokunye.

Kuyaphawuleka imithetho enjalo:

• "Ngo-ukutshalwa kwezimali angaphandle agelezela Russia," bamukela 9 Julayi 1999
• "Ngo umsebenzi utshalomali Russian Federation, okuyinto ngesimo dolobha ukutshalwa", ezivumelekile 25 Februwari 1999.
• "On the Chamber of Commerce of the Russian Federation" ka-1993
• "Ngo isiqondiso isimo imisebenzi namanye amazwe" ka-1995.
• I 1998 "Ngo inqubo eqashisa ngamafulethi," Mnu
• "On izinyathelo zokuzivikela ukuqaliswa angaphandle ukuhweba yokuthengisa" ka-1998.
• "Elawula ukuthekelisa nokuthola On" kusukela ngo-1999

Imithombo SPE, kufakwe uhlu izenzo eziyisisekelo a sub-uhlobo kule ndawo futhi ibandakanya kaMongameli izimiso we Russian Federation:

• "Ngo ukuxegiswa yomsebenzi wezomnotho angaphandle ngaphakathi kwemingcele RSFSR" ka-1991.
• "On the sesimanje ukusebenza ukutshalwa kwezimali angaphandle ageleza" kusukela ngo-1993
• "Ngo umsebenzi amabhange abadabuka kwamanye amazwe futhi uhlobo amabhange ezikanye iqhaza izimali ze-non-ohlala Russian Federation" sangomhla 1993
• "Ukukhangwa nokuxhashazwa zomsebenzi abadabuka kwamanye amazwe" ka-1993.
• "Ngo usekela izinyathelo ukuheha angaphandle notshwala utshalomali emkhakheni impahla" kusukela ngo-1995
• "Ngo-migomo enzulu imisebenzi angaphandle ukuhweba Russia" ka-1995.
• "Ngo ukulawulwa namanye amazwe enana ukuthengiselana njengengxenye isimo" ngo-1996

ngokwezifiso ngamazwe

Izinhlobo IPL imithombo aqukethe namasiko wenziwa emhlabeni wonke. Ukuze ngokukhethekile kuthathwe ilungelo lokuthola isimo ngokwezifiso ngamazwe, kumelwe sihlangabezane nezimfuneko ezithile:

• etholakalayo ukuphindaphinda ubude;
• ukusebenza esimweni ezifanayo;
• ukutholakala ukwamukelwa ngqo MPP enqwamana ngokwabo.

Custom - kuyinto evamile, esungulwe esikhathini esithile esidlule, ukusetshenziswa okuyinto libhekene njalo. Nokho, awurekhodiwe kuphi. Lona umehluko omkhulu kusuka umthetho ngokwezifiso ngamazwe.

sici

amasiko International zifana kakhulu abavamile. Umehluko omkhulu yilona khona noma ukungabi khona amandla ngokomthetho.

Regulations nemikhuba international ngezinga elithile kuyoba esibophezelayo kuphela ngalezo zindaba SPE, State of okuyinto babonakala.

amasiko MPP ku Russian Federation kukhona ngamazwe zomthetho futhi ukuhweba. Lesi sakamuva uthola ukusetshenziswa kwalo asebenzayo emazweni lapho commerce phakathi kwemibuso, e moreplavatelnaya ethile.

ubufakazi

Isiko ingachazwa izici ezilandelayo:

• yamukelwe kabanzi;
• ukufana esicelweni;
• ukuqashelwa i umthetho oyisibopho ngokuya ngokomthetho.

Custom kanye umkhuba

Lezi imiqondo zifana futhi zenqane nomunye. Custom - kuyinsakavukela ukuziphatha, okuyinto esiyisibopho, kuyilapho akusho ukuthi asetshenziswe uhlelo lokusebenza. Non-ukuhambisana akusho ukusongela kuncike MPP umthwalo zomthetho ngamazwe. Kodwa umkhuba ojwayelekile futhi unconstrained nje ingashintsha kalula ibe imithombo wezizwe pil (amasiko), uma leli lungelo yaziwa njengenye kwezinkambiso zomthetho ngamazwe. Ukuze sithole kahle ngesikhathi lo mkhuba siba ngokwezifiso, akunakwenzeka.

ngokwezifiso International, futhi samazwe onke

Uxhumano zalezi imithombo ezimbili IPL simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

• Ezimweni eziningi, ngokwezifiso ngamazwe ebekiwe nsuku ezivumelwano, ukuthi kuqinisekiswa isivumelwano, okuyinto sangena State.
• Isivumelwano samazwe ungase ube ngokwezifiso ngamazwe.
• Isiko angasebenza ibhekwa izivumelwano zamazwe amabili njengoba, kwenze izinguquko ezifanele kanye nezichibiyelo on isicelo amalungiselelo athile.

imithetho enkantolo

Ngakusasa IPL yomthombo sandulela zokwahlulela.

Case umthetho - uhlelo ogxile kwezinkambiso ezibekwe izinqumo kokushintsha ezobulungiswa. Njengamanje le umkhakha wezomthetho wathola ukuthandwa kakhulu e-United ayengama ingxenye WaseBrithani. Phakathi kwabo kukhona Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand.

Ngokomlando, uma-umthetho - inyunyana amalungelo ezivamile futhi ubulungisa ekhona e-England iminyaka engaba ngu-650 edlule. Betebulungiswa ukuthi elinesimo Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezithile futhi lokusungula in izindlela esetshenziswa kulinganiswa izimo phezu ehhovisi. Izinkantolo komthetho ezivamile lase futhi elinesimo indlela olandelanayo kakhulu futhi bendabuko inqubo sixazulula izingxabano futhi senza izinqumo. Kwakuwusuku wesibili ngesisekelo icala umthetho yesimanje.

Ukuze "Ukuvula" bese uqalisa ukuqonda okushiwo ilungelo izibonelo zokwahlulela, kubalulekile ukuthola okuqukethwe izigaba ezintathu ukuthi Anglo-Saxon uhlelo ikhomba amagama Lokudabuka Latin futhi embule nomqondo IPL imithombo: ngigqolozele decisis, isilinganiso decidenti futhi dictum.

• Ngigqolozele decisis. Lapho ngokwezwi nezwi lisho "ukuba banamathele isinqumo." Lesi simiso, okuyinto ugcizelela ukubaluleka isinqumo esakhishwa yile yesiphathimandla zokwahlulela, futhi baboshwe. Kubaluleke ezifanayo isigwebo ikhishwa, futhi izinqumo alandelayo izimo ezifanayo.
• Lokubiza decidenti. Ngemizimba ayisukumele kunjalo-umthetho, acabangele isinqumo senkantolo akuyona ngokuphelele, kodwa kancane kuphela. Noma ukuze ucacise kabanzi, kuphela ingxenye lapho izinhlinzeko zomthetho ecashile zinqunywa okusekelwe kokuqukethwe eliye yakhipha lesi sinqumo uqobo.
• Dictum. Ingabe izitatimende ayibalulekile, amarekhodi, amanothi, amazwi eziye zehlela ukwahlulela ngokungaqondile, ngoba akazange adale nesisekelo esingokomthetho.

Ngokuzimela ukuthi yimaphi ama-yezingxenye ngenhla kuqukethwe ukwahlulela ethile kunzima.