Amakhompyutha Soviet: brand izici. ikhaya lekhompuyutha

ESoviet Union kwase kudlule indlela nzima kakhulu kusukela ekudalweni tube lokuqala amakhompyutha nzima futhi aphuze anamandla - ngesivinini, esekelwe izifunda ehlangene. amakhompyutha Soviet isaba khona, futhi basebenzele ongoti emikhakheni ehlukene umkhakha, isayensi, hhayi nje i program. Isidingo amakhompyutha elula, engabizi futhi icwecwe kwavela maphakathi nawo-seventies kwekhulu elidlule. It iyazidinga kanye umkhakha lempi, nezinye izindawo eziningi emnothweni wezwe.

Micro-computer "Electronics"

amakhompyutha Soviet babe ababengaphambi zabo. Yaqala amakhompyutha ngaphezulu sixties, izimoto elula ukusebenzisa futhi angabacwasi compact kusuka uchungechunge oluthi "Umhlaba". Bakhandwa ikakhulukazi esetshenziselwa izibalo zobunjiniyela. Ngu maphakathi nawo-seventies, kwakukhona microprocessors, futhi kungenzeka ukuqala ukukhiqizwa "Elektronika NC" futhi "Electronics C5" - jikelele micro-computer. Sinenkosi ngezindlela eziningi waba eduze ikhompyutha siqu, kodwa amakhompyutha lokuqala aseSoviet kuphela lisetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa - ne zabo ukulawula usizo inqubo, imishini nokunye.

Esikhathini yoma ngasekupheleni shestnadtsatibitnyh amakhompyutha ukukhululwa ideskithophu waqala ngezinga ezimbonini - ngokwanele enamandla futhi ezihlangene. It onobuhle ezifana "Electronics T3-29" futhi "Iskra 1256", eyenzelwe ezempi, kanye onobuhle lula - "Qala 226", "Electronics RS-28" nabanye. Eighties ekuseni shestnadtsatibitnyh based owodwa ebhodini microcomputer terminals ejwayelekile ekhiqizwa analogs interactive ne-computing system - DCK.

Mid-ayisishiyagalombili

Ngo-USSR iqala ekukhiqizweni amakhompyutha jikelele-njongo ezifana EU-1840, "Electronics-85," DVK-3, BK-0010 "Agate", "Microsha". Ikhompyutha othola ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha ezweni lethu, futhi le nqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho kuwa iSoviet Union. By nineties zakuqala, ekhiqizwa inqwaba onobuhle.

amakhompyutha Soviet babe ezihlukahlukene amakilasi kanye architectures kuhlanganise IBM-ehambisanayo futhi ngaphandle phakathi kokubili PC ngempela namaSoviet futhi angaphandle analogue. Ngokwesibonelo, "Corvette" - computer esiyingqayizivele ngokuphelele futhi "Lions PC-01", "Vector-06C" kanye nabanye. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, isikhathi esifushane emlandweni isakhiwo ikhompyutha yasekhaya kwakukhona izenzakalo eziningi ezibalulekile, okuyinto engcono ukukhuluma ukuze.

Kiev

Bheka esikhathini esidlule. 1948 th, Feofania indawo, budebuduze enhlokodolobha Ukraine SSR, laboratory imfihlo, lapho uphatha Sergey Aleksandrovich Lebedev - Umqondisi we-Institute of Electrical kanye ikhanda elabhorethri Institute of Computer Engineering futhi Precision Mechanics of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. It is khona okwamanje wadala encane electronic Computing umshini (SECM). It Lebedev ezihlongozwayo, kulingane futhi iqaliswe - kungakhathaliseki Neumann - izimiso eziyisisekelo ekuqhubeni uhlelo lwekhompyutha egcinwe kumemori.

Waqale wadala umshini kwadingeka yizinkumbulo, amayunithi izibalo, kanye amadivaysi okufakwayo, ukulawula okukhipha. Wakwazi encode nezinhlelo londoloza kumemori, nezinombolo. Wayevame uhlelo kanambambili ukuze encode imiyalo nezinombolo, futhi wenza ngokuzenzakalelayo izibalo. Kwaba khona abangu-arithmetic kanye logic izinhlelo. Kwadingeka ukwakha isitoreji ngendlela phezulu. Kwakulula ukusebenzisa izindlela zezinombolo ukusebenzisa ukubala. Design, ukufakwa kanye ukulungisa iphutha senziwe iminyaka emibili, iqembu labantu seventeen - ochwepheshe ezinhlanu kanye nabacwaningi nambili. Amasampula yayiqhutshelwa ngo-November 1950, kanye ngo-1951 baqala ukusebenza njalo. Saqala ngokuthi computer eSoviet.

ngaphezulu Kiev

1965 - Unyaka kokudaliweyo umshini tekubala ubunjiniyela Computer "UMHLABA", Onjiniyela okwakukhona abacwaningi kusukela Kiev Isikhungo Cybernetics - Glushkov, Annunciation, Losev, Letinskiy, Pogrebinsky, Molchanov, Rabinovich, Stogniy. Ngesikhathi esifanayo i-umshini seyenziwe ku mikrokomandnom ezingeni ulimi lokwakha izinhlelo - Almir-65. Ikhompyutha wakwazi ukukhiqiza abanye izinkulungwane imisebenzi yesibili, okokufaka nedatha okukhipha ngesilinganiso ngasinye lapho kusetshenziswa wokubhala kagesi ukugcina lememori cores ferrite kanye yangaphandle - eteyipini ngesibhakela.

Ngo-1969 waqala ukukhiqiza computer "Mir-2", setha endaweni efanayo eKiev. Kwatholakala imodeli ethuthukisiwe, ke eziqhutshwa ngokushesha izikhathi ezingaphezu kweziyisishiyagalombili nokuba eziyishumi kuka odlule. It Kwandiswa futhi njalo, futhi RAM. Manje amakhompyutha zazixhunywe le ngaphezu ngesibhakela tape and typewriter Vector isibonisi ingcaca kokuba ipeni ukukhanya amakhadi kazibuthe. Ulimi lokwakha izinhlelo waba umhlaziyi - kungashiwo "umzukulu" Almir-65.

microprocessors

Ngo-1974 wakhulula microprocessors lokuqala KwabaseSoviet Kwakugxile Khona - onobuhle Sectional ne control firmware kanye kwayisishiyagalombili amane noma isigaba. Uchungechunge K532, isibonelo, besihambisana nesiminyaminya low power ukusetshenziswa, anhlobonhlobo ukunikezela voltages futhi ngesivinini kwemisebenzi kuze kube namakhulu amabili namashumi ayisihlanu futhi ngomzuzwana.

Uchungechunge K536 izici izindleko eliphansi ubuchwepheshe, ngakho hhayi kakhulu amandla ukusetshenziswa, kodwa ngakho masinyane. Ngokusekelwe K532 ikhithi ngokushesha microcomputers-hexadecimal engunyaza ( "Elektronika NC"), futhi K536 kwaba ngesisekelo ukukhiqizwa serial ngowokuqala Soviet jikelele micro-computer "Electronics C5"-hexadecimal kakhulu.

ibhasi-tie

Kwakuwusuku computer yokuqala Soviet! microprocessors Sectional babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli ethembisa ngoba ivumela ukudala kukhompyutha-based yimuphi kancane eziyisishiyagalombili nokudepha amathathu nambili. Uma lokhu lagcwaliseka nganoma yisiphi firmware umyalo management system.

Kodwa kamuva, ekupheleni Eighties, Microelectronics lakhula ngokushesha amakhono abo, futhi iSoviet umkhakha ikhompyutha ukuthi reoriented ukuba angaphandle analogue amakhompyutha. Universal izilimi Sectional baye kukhanywe olulodwa chip onobuhle. Nokho, isikhathi eside esetshenziswa ibhasi-uthayi ikakhulukazi embonini lempi.

ikhompyutha Soviet

Ngo-1977, iziqu eziyisishiyagalombili kancane olulodwa-chip sekhompiyutha K580VM80A, okwakuwuphawu Analogue ephelele imodeli owaziwa kakhulu Intel 8080. Lokhu processor is hhayi ezosetshenziswa mainframe, lalisetshenziswa kokulawulwa micro-computer, micro-abalawuli, okuphathelene nomngcele namasu nesilinganiso - izindawo eziningi isicelo. Nokho, kwaba eshibhile futhi kulula, kodwa ngoba akukho abafundi omunye yaseSoviet yokuthuthela umagazini "Radio" uye ukwakhiwa phezu kwesisekelo yayo computer ekhaya.

Ukusebenza wayekade okusezingeni eliphezulu, imiyalo ohlelweni jikelele, futhi ngenxa yalokho baba microprocessor omunye ethandwa kakhulu e-USSR. Ngaphezu computer siqu, wasondela namanye amadivayisi amaningi sekhompiyutha, ngakho engxenyeni Eighties kwekhulu elidlule lesibili, lesi processor iye yasetshenziswa engamakhulu cishe amamodeli we izimoto KwabaseSoviet Kwakugxile Khona - kule khompyutha ekhaya, futhi ukuqeqeshwa, hhayi imodeli okhokhelwayo.

"Electronics-60"

-hexadecimal micro-computer high-speed "Electronics-60" wazalwa ngo-1978. Ngokusho kohlelo umyalo "Electronics-60" kwaba iyahambisana Dec PDP-11 / LSI-11 - amakhompyutha American. Ukusebenza - up esigidini imisebenzi ngomzuzwana. imishini enjalo yasetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni, ukulawula inqubo, ukuthatha indawo CNC futhi - okubaluleke - umsebenzi eside nokwethembeka isayensi kanye umkhakha ukuzivikela.

Ngo-1983, umagazini amakhophi angaphezu kwesigidi e "Radio" eshicilelwe kwikhompuyutha isikimu amateur "Micro 80" nge processor K580IK80A, ukuthi kwaba isinyathelo sokuqala a okukhulu amateur radio wokuzilibazisa sekhompiyutha nekhompyutha ubuchwepheshe. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-computer eSoviet zakwazi ukusebenzisana nanoma yimuphi unomshini wokuqopha ukugcina idatha nezinhlelo, kanye nanoma iyiphi TV basisebenzisa njengeHholo qapha.

Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo

Kuyinto ngosizo "Electronics-60" ngo-1984 Alekseem Pazhitnovym yabhalwa zonke umdlalo ozithandayo "Tetris". Isaphazanyiswe maphakathi ikhompyutha we Academy of Sciences of ukuqashelwa inkulumo USSR nezinye izinkinga of intelligence yokufakelwa, ke livame ukusetshenziswa emsebenzini wabo iphazili ukuze lisebenze umbono othile unengqondo.

Kamuva, umdlalo kabusha umbhalo obhaliwe PC IBM ngolimi Turbo Pascal izinhlelo futhi walenza eyishumi nesithupha wesikole KwabaseSoviet Kwakugxile Khona - Vadim Gerasimov manje ohlala e-Australia futhi isebenza ku-Google.

Eyokuqala Informatics cwaningo

Eighties, yasungulwa futhi wadedelwa nqwaba elula, ongayithola jikelele computer ngoba nesikole ukusetshenziswa. Kwaba Yiqiniso, shestnadtsatibitnaya "BC-0010 Electronics", lapho isifinyezo BK esiqokiwe computer ekhaya. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakungakabi emhlabeni-computer abo siqu izilimi hexadecimal.

Yini ekhethekile ngale ke? ASICs ngezinga eliphezulu lokuhlanganisa - esangweni afanayo, eyasebenza njengodonga isilawuli isibonisi, ikhibhodi, inkumbulo, nokunye okuningi. Isebenzisa ulimi interpretaror "I-Focal". ezinombala ofanayo asekelwe high-resolution izithombe kanye ezine umbala. Lawa izimoto zokuqala eline cwaningo computer science, nozalo lwabo kuze 1993 ngasebenza njengombonisi eMnyangweni yasendlini main namakhompyutha zemfundo eSoviet Union.

Akademgorodok

Novosibirsk zesikole beye bahileleka ezinhlekeleleni isikhungo computer ye laseSiberia Yegatsha yase-USSR Academy of Sciences, kanye ne iqhaza zabo ngqo uvele uhlelo software ezikoleni, futhi ubizwa ngokuthi - "Isikole Girl" ngoba "Agate" ikhompyutha siqu. Wasebenza kanye "Rapier" futhi "Robic" izilimi izinhlelo, kufaka sokuqhafaza uhlelo "inkemba" futhi ezihlukahlukene amaphakheji zokuqeqesha.

"Agate" - brainchild of 1984, kubhekwa ngowokuqala mass-kukhiqizwa ikhompyutha siqu, iyahambisana Apple II + futhi amele kakade sina PC RAM endaweni namatjhumi amabili nabunane kilobyte iflophidiski ngemoto, futhi qapha umbala, ukubonisa eyishumi nesithupha imibala. Kwaba ngo-1984, i-Plenum we CPSU Central Committee lathatha isinqumo, ngemva kwalokho waqala lo computerization yefundo yesikolo.

ngonyaka nakangaka

Ngo-1985, ezweni lonke wazizwa yini ezihamba phambili, hhayi kabusha, futhi akakwazanga kodwa uthinte sphere ikhompyutha. amakhompyutha Abaningi imodeli yisakhiwo sodumo Soviet ezakhiwa ngesikhathi. Ukuthuthukisa ngempela ngempumelelo shestnadtsatibitnye eziphambili "Electronics", onobuhle ezintsha DVK ziyahambisana ngamakhompyutha IBM Soviet. Ikakhulukazi isici sale trohprotsessornaya isikhathi "Istra-4816" - kuze kufinyelele wamamegabhayithi ezine RAM, futhi wokubala ephaketheni hexadecimal "Elektronika MK-85".

Kodwa akuzange kuwumise umsebenzi ku-PC, okuyiwona ngesisekelo iyona elula eziyisishiyagalombili-bit izilimi. Ngakho kwakunabantu abangu-imodeli "Uchwepheshe", "Ocean-240", "Irisha". Ezamakhompiyutha babe OCTET. Ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi zimbi? Cha Phakathi-imodeli eziyisishiyagalombili kwaba nje emangalisayo, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wokugaya kancane yisikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, "Corvette" - computer nje emihle.

"Microsha" nabanye

I-computer ye-okucebile vociferous phakathi ekhaya Soviet izimoto siqu - kuyinto ayisishiyagalombili-bit "Vector-06C". Nalapha futhi, umagazini "Radio" eshicilelwe izifunda eziningana we microcomputer "Radio 86RK" ngoba ngonyaka 1986 futhi lokhu imodeli yayilula kakhulu ukuthi kweso kwakuqala ukwanda okukhulu. analogs ubonakele, ezahlukeneyo, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona eziningana zalokhu, okuyinto Uthole ukukhiqizwa yezimboni. Ngokwesibonelo, "Microsha" - ikhompyutha igama obathandayo. "Umsakazo 86RK" kuhlanganiswe kahle "Micro-80", yingakho lalibukeka.

Omunye PC esiyinhloko cwaningo - "Corvette". Ikhompyutha wawunzima kakhulu futhi multi-functional, naphezu kokuvivinywa kwalo-bit eziyisishiyagalombili. RAM incane - 257 kuphela KB, kodwa ngalezo zikhathi kwaba sibalo langa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbala ihluzo nge lesinqumo high ngokwanele - 512h256 amaphuzu, hardware, isiqophi isilawuli umbhalo, i-generator umsindo - IBM PC-analog, LAN, igundane, induku yokudlala, iphrinta, disk drive - konke lokhu nokunye okuningi ekuqaleni ukhule. Ngokulinganayo ezinhle kwaba amateur "Orion-128", futhi eziyisishiyagalombili okudalwe eduze umsakazo eMoscow amateur Vyacheslav Safronov nabangani bakhe. Ngo-1990, banyathelisa ukuthuthukiswa "Radio" magazini.

I last wave

Eighties Mid kwaphawulwa nokwanda okungavamile isakhiwo ikhompyutha yasekhaya, kwakukhona isibalo esikhulu imibono enhle yokuqala. Kwakubonakala - intuthuko! Kodwa lapho, kwase kulula. Gorbachev sika-Soviet Union rapprochement yomnotho womhlaba akahambanga lizwe eya ekuchumeni. Indida - kwenzeka okuhlukile kunalokho. ikhompyutha Domestic futhi umkhakha electronics ilahlekelwe yonke impumelelo yayo ezithuthukayo.

Kube shift okukhulu ngalolu daba Sekuyisikhathi eside yisikhathi futhi onobuhle elula - Spectrum-ehambisanayo. Nokho, imodeli elula iyahambisana IBM, nayo kukhiqizwa. Kodwa luyingxenye ukuthuthukiswa Soviet wayeka zonke ngo-1992. Zonke abakhiqizi ushintshele ejwayelekile yomhlaba eyodwa - ukukhipha kuphela computer IBM-ehambisanayo.

okutholakele

On ihadiwe yasekhaya wanquma ukukhuluma omubi kula mashumi eminyaka amuva. mayelana kuphela izinto ezimbi ezenzeka zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni kanye nomnotho kuhlelwe, esiphila "uyasala phakade", kodwa mayelana lokuthi eNtshonalanga, ubuchwepheshe bekulokhu engcono njalo, kodwa Russian - Krivorukov namakhompyutha ongakwazi ukuzenza.

Kodwa namanje, ngokoqobo konke uphawu amakhompyutha ngenhla Soviet is abangafanga babethwa ngentuthuko engcono. Bamane kwakuthé chithi saka. Eqinisweni, electronics eU.SSR athuthukile ngempela ezingeni global nangezindlela eziningi ngaphambi embonini efanayo eNtshonalanga, ukuthi bangakufakazela ukuthi izinhlelo ezempi kanye isikhala.