Impi Bosnian: Izimbangela

kweminyaka engu-90 baye baba esikhathini esilandelayo wokuchithwa kwegazi emazweni aseBalkan. On emanxiweni eYugoslavia waqala zobuhlanga eziningana. Omunye baphendukele eBosnia phakathi lamaBosnia, amaSerbia futhi eCroatia. ukungqubuzana Tangled yaxazululwa kuphela ngemva kokuba wangenela omhlaba, ngokuyinhloko i-United Nations ne-NATO. zinqobe isibe eyayidume ngokukhulekela amacala ayo eminingi impi.

izimfanelo

Ngo-1992, kwaqala iMpi neMpi Bosnian. Kwathi ngokumelene okwenza ngokuwa eYugoslavia nokuwela ubukhomanisi Elidala Umhlaba. I ezinkulu ephikisayo izinhlangothi steel Bosniak amaSulumane (noma Bosniak), Orthodox baseSerbia nabase Catholic Croat. Ingxabano kwaba enezici: zezombusazwe, zobuzwe confessional.

Konke kwaqala lapho kuwa eYugoslavia. Lesi simo federal sezenhlalo wahlala yezizwe ezihlukahlukene kakhulu - .. namaSerbia, eCroatia, lamaBosnia, abaseMakedoniya, Slovenes, njll Lapho UDonga LwaseBerlin lwawa futhi uhlelo lamaKhomanisi elahlekile iMpi Yomshoshaphansi, ezincane kazwelonke yeYugoslavia waqala ukuba zitshele ukuzimela. Yaqala umbukiso we sovereignties , by Isifaniso nge okwakwenzeka eSoviet Union.

Isigaba Omunye, Slovenia futhi Croatia. EYugoslavia, ngaphezu kwabo, kwakukhona Socialist Republic Bosnia and Herzegovina. Kwakuwusuku esifundeni kakhulu zinhlanga variegated kanye izwe onobunye. Izwe ayesezohlubuka 45% Bosniak, abangamaSerbia 30% no-16% Croat. Februwari 29, 1992 iziphathimandla zendawo (etholakala inhloko-dolobha Sarajevo) labetibambile inhlolovo wokuzimela. Lapho kulwiwa namaSerbia Bosnian baye linqaba ke. Lapho eSarajevo imemezele ukuzimela esasiya, ukudamba izingxabano.

umbuzo-Serbian

inhlokodolobha bangempela lapho kulwiwa namaSerbia Bosnian waqala Banja Luka. Ingxabano kwabhebhethekiswa yokuthi lezi zizwe ezimbili abahlala ndawonye iminyaka eminingi, futhi ngenxa yalokhu, kwakukhona imikhaya eminingi zinhlanga okuxubile ezindaweni ezithile. Ngokuvamile, lapho kulwiwa namaSerbia wahlala isikhathi eside e enyakatho nasempumalanga yezwe. Impi Bosnian kwaba indlela ongenza ithimba nabo Bakwethu eYugoslavia. Army ye-Socialist Republic ashiya Bosnia ngoMeyi 1992. Nge ukunyamalala amandla yesithathu ukuthi ngandlela-thile alawule ubudlelwane phakathi kwabamelene, wanyamalala isithiyo zokugcina ekuvimbela nokuchitha igazi.

Yugoslavia (lapho wahlala labantu ogxile abangamaSerbia) kusukela ekuqaleni asekelwe lapho kulwiwa namaSerbia Bosnian ukuthi badale owabo Republika Srpska. izikhulu eziningi ayengaphansi ibutho esihlanganisiwe baqala ukuthutha ku amabutho isimo engaziwa.

sisohlangothini lukabani Russia empini Bosnian, kwaba sobala ngokushesha ngemva kokuqala ingxabano. Iziphathimandla we Russian Federation wayezama ukwenza njengoba ibutho yokugcinwa kokuthula. Wenze njalo lonke amandla enethonya komphakathi womhlaba wonke. Abezombusazwe ngifuna ukusilela, simema abaphikisi ukuxoxisana insimu hlangothi. Nokho, uma sikhuluma umbono womphakathi Russia 90., Singasho ngokuqiniseka futhi ukuthi uzwela abantu abavamile ohlangothini lapho kulwiwa namaSerbia. Lokhu akusona isimanga, ngoba abantu ababili exhunywe bese uxhuma emphakathini isiko lwesiSlavic, yenkolelo, nokunye. D. Ngokusho kochwepheshe ngamazwe, empini Bosnian laliyisikhungo eliganukejako amavolontiya ayizinkulungwane 4 kusukela ezwe elaliyi-USSR ezasekela Republic Srpska.

Ukugqashuka kwempi

Umuntu wesithathu kuya ukungqubuzana, ngaphezu amaSerbia futhi Bosniaks, eCroatia waqala. Badale Commonwealth of Herceg-Bosna, okuyinto phakathi nempi waphila njengesidalwa isimo engaziwa. Inhloko-dolobha ye-republic yaba umuzi ka Mostar. EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani sasizizwa kusondela empini futhi wazama ngosizo amathuluzi ngamazwe ukuvimbela ukuchitheka kwegazi. Ngo-March 1992, i-Isivumelwano esasayinwa e-Lisbon, owawuthi amandla ezweni kwaba ezohlukaniswa kanye imigqa yobuhlanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu uvumile ukuthi isikhungo sikahulumeni ngeke ahlanganyele ukubusa nakomasipala basekhaya. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we kwasayinelwa Bosnian Alija Izetbegovic, abangamaSerbia uRadovan Karadzic futhi Mate Croatian Boban.

Nokho, ukusilela yaba ngeyesikhashana. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, Izetbegovic wathi revokes isivumelwano. Eqinisweni, wanika Carte Blanche ekuqaleni kwempi. Kwakudzingeka nje izaba. Ngemva kokuqala nabaphikisi zokuchitha igazi ngokuthi iziqephu ezahlukene basisebenzisa njengeHholo umfutho mayelana nokubulawa kuqala. Bekusikhathi sina ngemibono.

Ukuze uthole eqophelweni eliyingozi ka amaSerbia kwaba isenzo sokudutshulwa umshado Serbian eSarajevo. Ababulali babe Bosniaks. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaSulumane basola amaSerbia ku Swagger impi. Kusolakala ukuthi lamaBosnia lokuqala efile ababa nesandla ebonisa emgwaqweni. Ekubulaweni onogada esolwa Republika Srpska uMongameli uRadovan Karadzic.

Ukuvinjezelwa Sarajevo

Ngo-May 1992, emzini Austrian Graz, umongameli Republika Srpska, uRadovan Karadzic, futhi umongameli we Croatian Republic Herceg-Bosna Mate Boban yasayina isivumelwano bemave lamabili, owawungumnyaka dokhumenti ebaluleke kakhulu esigabeni lokuqala izimpi ezilwiwa ngezikhali. Amabili Slavic uthi engaziwa wavumelana ukuyeka ukulwa nekuhlanganisa ukuze umiswe ukulawula ezindaweni Muslim.

Ngemva lesi siqephu Bosnian neMpi eyenzeka eSarajevo. Inhloko-dolobha ye isizwe ezikhungethwe yizingxabano yangaphakathi, lalinabantu ikakhulu by amaSulumane. Nokho, edolobheni futhi emaphandleni aseduze owakhiwe iningi abangamaSerbia. Lokhu isilinganiso ezanquma inkambo yimpi ngempela. April 6, 1992 waqala ukuvinjezelwa eSarajevo. ibutho Serbian bawuzingelezela umuzi. Ukuvinjezelwa kwedolobha kwadonsa kulo lonke impi (engaphezu kwemithathu) futhi yaziphakamisa kuphela emva ukusayinwa yokugcina Dayton Evumelana.

Ngenkathi abaseBhabhiloni bevimbezele laseSarajevo, idolobha yabekwa amabhomu okukhulu. Uphondo, awasalayo emagobolondweni, e sokuthula bagcwala iyinhlanganisela olukhethekile inhlaka, epulasitikini futhi inki abomvu. Lezi "nakomaka" emaphephandabeni ziye zabizwa ngokuthi "Sarajevo rose". Namuhla ungomunye kwezakhiwo zodumo yaleyo mpi esabekayo.

Imininingwane impi

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi impi abangamaSerbia-Bosniak wagijima parallel impi eCroatia, lapho ingxabano avuvukele phakathi Croat zendawo abangamaSerbia. Kuyinto isimo edidayo kuyinkimbinkimbi. EBosnia Kwatholakala impi, kuba impi yazo zonke ngokumelene zonke. Ikakhulukazi impikiswano kwaba isikhundla eCroatia wendawo. Ezinye zazo wasekela lamaBosnia, enye ingxenye - lapho kulwiwa namaSerbia.

Ngo-June 1992, izwe has a UN yokugcinwa amandla. Ekuqaleni, lenziwe impi Croatian, kodwana msinyana ngemva amandla akhe abangu enwetshiwe eBosnia. Lezi amabutho ahlomile olawule Sarajevo sezindiza (ngaphambi kwakuthatha lapho kulwiwa namaSerbia, kwadingeka balishiye leli ezokuthutha ihabhu ezibalulekile). UN peacekeepers lapha ukuletha zosizo, okumele abe basakaza ezweni lonke, njengoba eBosnia, hhayi endaweni eyodwa isetshenzwe ngokuchitha igazi. nababaleki abavamile bavikela mission Red Cross, nakuba imizamo akuxhomekile lenhlangano kwakungenele.

amacala nempi

Unya futhi ukungabi nangqondo we impi sesiye saziwa emhlabeni wonke. Lokhu lula ukuthuthukiswa abezindaba, ithelevishini kanye nezinye izindlela zidlulisela ukwaziswa. Ukusabalala edonsa isiqephu esenzeka Meyi 1992. Edolobheni eTuzla ngokuhlanganyela Bosnian-Croat amabutho ahlasele iqembu lamabutho we zaseYugoslavia Yabantu Army, ukuba babuyele ezweni lenkaba yabo ngenxa wokugoqa yezwe. Ukuhlaselwa ubuhanjelwe lokudutshulwa, esingu mshini futhi ngaleyo ndlela sivale umgwaqo. Abahlaseli ubande uma ukhuluma naye wakhawula abalimele. Sabulala amasosha angaphezu kuka-200 Army eYugoslavia. Lesi siqephu, hlangana nezinye ezinengi wabonisa udlame phakathi nempi Bosnian.

Ehlobo lika-1992 weRiphabhulikhi Srpska Army wakwazi ukuqala ukulawula izifunda wezwe empumalanga. abazihlelele Muslim Local becindezela. Ukuze Bosniaks zadalwa okuhlushwa. Everyday kwaba ukuhlukunyezwa kwabesifazane. Udlame nabangenasihawu phakathi nempi Bosnian akazange zaba khona ngengozi. Emazweni AseBalkan bekulokhu Keg kuqhume Europe. Lithi kazwelonke zazilithanda ibingaba eyesikhashana ngempela. labantu Zamazwe uzama ukuphila ngaphakathi Empire, kodwa le ndlela kuyinto "umakhelwane omuhle" yagcina ukhukhulwe liwile nobukhomanisi. izikhalo Mutual kanye nezikhalo zilondolozwe amakhulu eminyaka.

Ngokuzayo engaqinisekile

Qedela nokuvinjelwa Sarajevo weza ehlobo lika-1993, lapho amabutho Serbian ephethwe ukuqedela operation "Lugavats 93". Akuzange ukuhlaselwa lohleliwe, okuyinto ihlelwe Ratko Mladic (namuhla kungenxa inkantolo engavuni amajaji international). Phakathi ukusebenza, lapho kulwiwa namaSerbia matasa maqembu osendaweni ezibalulekile okuholela eSarajevo. Ezingomakhelwane dolobha enkulu yezwe ithela kuwo - nge nendawo ezingoxingoxi sezintaba. Ngo endaweni enjalo abafundi abaphumelela ngayo futhi ezihosheni iba yizindawo wezimpi eziwumnqamula-juqu.

Ukuthwebula izithombe Trnovo, amaSerbia bakwazi ukuhlanganisa Holdings zabo ezindaweni ezimbili - Herzegovina futhi Podrinje. Ibutho ke abheka entshonalanga. impi Bosnian, ngamafuphi babegqoka eziningi aqondisa encane ezilwayo amaqembu ahlomile. Ngo-July 1993, lapho kulwiwa namaSerbia sakwazi ukumisa ukulawula maqembu kweNtaba Igman. Lezi zindaba ukwethuka lo mphakathi ngamazwe. osomaqhinga Western waqala acindezele kobuholi Republic futhi mathupha uRadovan Karadzic. Ngesikhathi izinkulumo e-Geneva, lapho kulwiwa namaSerbia wakwenza kwacaca ukuthi uma yokwenqaba ukuhoxisa kubo ukukuyisa NATO airstrikes. Karadzic eligoqiwe ngaphansi kucindezela. 5 Agasti, 1993 amaSerbia kwesokunxele Igman, kuyilapho zigqila ezisele Bosnia ayesezithendeni. Kulona kanye igquma osendaweni kubaluleke kwathathelwa indawo amasosha ezivela eFrance.

lamaBosnia uhlukanise

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ikamu kwakukhona Bosniak yokuhlukanisa yangaphakathi. AmaSulumane e umusa yokulondoloza inarha ebumbeneko. Izinqubomgomo Firet Abdic nabalandeli yakhe yayiphethe lelo phuzu okuphambene umbono. Babefuna ukuzenza isimo federal, futhi wayekholelwa ukuthi kuphela ngokusebenzisa ebucayini enjalo kuzoqeda Bosnian neMpi (1992-1995). Ngamafuphi, lokhu kuye kwaholela ukuvela amakamu amabili ezingahlangani. Ekugcineni, ngo-September 1993, Abdic e Velika Kladusa ememezela ukusungulwa Western Bosnia. Yaba enye republic engaziwa, balwa nohulumeni Izetbegovic eSarajevo. Abdic baba sizana Republic Srpska.

Western Bosnia - uyisibonelo esihle kanjani kwakukhona zonke yesikhathi esifushane imfundo elisha lezombusazwe, okuyinto emenza neMpi Bosnian (1992-1995). Izizathu zalokhu Medley kwakuba lenqwaba engqubuzanayo. Western Bosnia sekuneminyaka iminyaka emibili. insimu yalo kwakuhlezi lapho behlinza "Tiger 94" futhi "The Tempest." Esimweni sokuqala ngokumelene Abdic esenziwe lamaBosnia ngokwabo.

Ngo-August 1995, esigabeni impi eyaphela ngawo, lapho kwavala zokugcina imfundo separatist, ukuba amasosha kahulumeni Izetbegovic bajoyine eCroatia futhi akuxhomekile elilinganiselwe NATO. izimpi ezinkulu zenzeka Krajina esifundeni. Kuvele yi ongaqondile ukusebenza "Storm" kwaba ukundiza Croatian-Bosnian umngcele nemizana amaSerbia ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 250. Laba bantu wazalwa wakhulela e-Krajina. Nakuba akukho angavamile kwakungewona ukugeleza abakwamanye amazwe. Abaningi zasuswa emakubo Bosnian neMpi. Isi- okulula ukugeleza sabantu simi ngale ndlela: ingxabano akuqedwanga ngaphandle incazelo ecacile kwemingcele zobuzwe nezenkolo, ngakho konke abaHlakazekile amancane umphakathi wakule ndawo wawuhlukaniswe phakathi nempi wabhubhisa ehlelekile. Yokuhlukanisa insimu wathinta namaSerbia, lamaBosnia futhi eCroatia.

Genocide futhi ikundla

ubugebengu neMpi uzibophezele kokubili lamaBosnia namaSerbia ne eCroatia. Bobabili wachaza zonya yabo impindiselo Bakwethu lwakhe. LamaBosnia ukuba lihlu- abazihlelele abangamaSerbia wadala amaqembu "befisa." Aqhuba ukuhlaselwa nokuseshwa obunokuthula emzaneni Slavic.

Lobu bugebengu esibi kunazo isibe kubulawa waseSerbia Srebrenica. Ngokusho isinqumo UN, ngo-1993, leli dolobha futhi eziseduze kwathiwa ngiphephile. Ababaleki Muslim yakhishwa emuva kuzo zonke izifunda Bosnia. Ngo-July 1995 Srebrenica ethumba amaSerbia. Benza lokhu kucekwa kwesizwe e umuzi, abulale ngokusho kombiko ahlukahlukene, cishe 8000 abazihlelele abahlali Muslim - izingane, abesifazane nabantu asebekhulile. Namuhla, emhlabeni wonke Bosnian neMpi iminyaka 92-95. the edume kakhulu yile okuthiwa lesisiqephu ngesihluku.

Ukubulawa e Srebrenica kusenziwa uphenyo nge-International Criminal Tribunal for elaliyiYugoslavia. Mashi 24, 2016, uMongameli wangaphambilini we Republika Srpska, uRadovan Karadzic, ugwetshwe iminyaka engu-40 ebhadla ejele. Yena oye waphayona eziningi zobugebengu aziwayo ukuthi iMpi Bosnian. Photo isiboshwa futhi zasakazekela cindezela yezwe, njengoba esikhathini esedlule 90. Karadzic futhi iphinde ibheke lokho okwenzeka e-Srebrenica. Intelligence ejensi wambamba emva ukuphila iminyaka eyishumi ekusithekeni ngegama okungelona eBelgrade.

ukungenela ezempi komphakathi weentjhabatjhaba

Minyaka yonke, Bosnian abangamaSerbia-Croat impi iqhaza kwaya kuba kunezinxushunxushu futhi kuyindida. Kwacaca ukuthi ayikho kweenqhema ingxabano ngeke bafinyelele imigomo yabo ngokusebenzisa igazi. E-US, isimo samanje, iziphathimandla zaqala ukuthatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo inqubo yezingxoxo. Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuxazulula lolo dweshu ingabe abavumelana ngakho lokho kwaqeda empini ye eCroatia futhi lamaBosnia. imiculu ngemvume Mashi 1994 e Vienna naseWashington. Lapho kulwiwa namaSerbia Bosnian nabo babemenyiwe kulelo etafuleni yezingxoxo, kodwa akudingeki ukuba uthumele osomaqhinga yabo.

Impi Bosnian, isithombe kusuka emasimini bawe cindezela angaphandle ukuthi washaqeka njalo the West, kodwa emazweni aseBalkan kwabonakala kuyinsakavukela. Kulezi zimo, isinyathelo ezandleni zabo wathatha NATO. AbaseMelika kanye nabangani babo, ngokusekelwa eNhlangano yeziZwe waqala ukulungiselela uhlelo izindiza esigamekweni sokuqhunyiswa izikhundla abangamaSerbia. Ukusebenza lempi "ukucabanga ngothile amandla" iqale ngo-30 Agasti. Bombing esesizile lamaBosnia futhi eCroatia ucindezele amaSerbia ezindaweni osendaweni ebalulekile ithafa Ozren futhi Western Bosnia. Umphumela esemqoka ye kokungenela NATO kwaba bephakamisa ukuvinjezelwa Sarajevo, eyathatha iminyaka eminingi. Ngemva kwalokho, empini-Serbian-Bosnian ayesondela ekupheleni kwaso. Wonke amaqembu ukuba impi ziye sophe emhlophe. In the state kushiya ingqalasizinda yokuhlala, ezempi kanye zezimboni lonke.

Dayton

izingxoxo Final nezimbangi waqala ensimini hlangothi. Ikusasa sekubekwe Kwavunyelwana elithile enkanjini e Dayton. Ukusayinwa esisemthethweni izibambiso kwenzeka ngo the Elysee Isigodlo e-Paris 14 Disemba 1995. Izenzo main kaMongameli Bosnia ubhekene yalowo mkhosi Alija Izetbegovic, uMongameli waseSerbia, Slobodan Milosevic futhi uMongameli Croatian Franjo Tudjman. izinkulumo olwandulelayo yayiqhutshwa ngaphansi ukusekelwa amazwe ingqapheli - UK, eJalimane, e-Russia, e-USA kanti France.

Ngokusho isivumelwano, ukudala isimo esisha - Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina futhi Republika Srpska. imingcele Yangaphakathi ziye kwenziwe ngendlela yokuthi isihloko ngasinye eseke indima alinganayo yezwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Bosnia esethula NATO yokugcinwa amandla. La mandla babé yisiboniso kulondolozwe ukuthula ezindaweni esishubile ikakhulukazi.

Kuseyimpikiswano udlame phakathi nempi Bosnian. ubufakazi Idokhumentari zobugebengu impi zidluliselwe enkantolo ngamazwe, nesebenzela namuhla. It wahlulelwa njengenhlangano abadlali abavamile futhi ngokuqondile ezintweni zonya "phezulu". Osopolitiki kanjalo nezinsephe empi ihlelwe kohlanga labantu obunokuthula, basusiwe kusuka amandla.

Ngokusho version olusemthethweni, imbangela impi Bosnian kwakufanele izingxabano zobuzwe eYugoslavia isihlakazeka. Dayton wakhonza njengephayona ifomula ebucayini emphakathini okuhlukene. Nakuba aseBalkan ahlale umthombo ukungezwani ngoba yonke iYurophu, ubudlova evulekile esikalini lapho yaze yaphela impi, ekugcineni wayeka. Kwaba yimpumelelo e izingxoxo zamazwe onke (siqala belated). impi Bosnian nobudlova, okuyinto waqamba, washiya uphawu omkhulu isiphetho bendawo. Namuhla abukho Bosniak noma abangamaSerbia, ogama umndeni ngeke ehlaselwe abesabekayo ukungqubuzana abazalwa neminyaka engamashumi amabili edlule.