Aviation umlando nokuthuthukiswa. abaklami bezindiza Famous

Cabanga ezweni lanamuhla ngaphandle izindiza kanye izindiza engenakwenzeka. Ukuba omunye amafa obaluleke kakhulu phakathi ezisunguliwe lesintu, indiza wazalwa sibonga isifiso somuntu embi ukuba amaphiko ngemva kwakhe. Ngokuqinisekile okhokho bethu saphupha iphupho ikhuphuka. Bencoma izinyoni kanye izingalo eyeluliweyo, aziletha nabo. Ngisho ingane ukholelwa ebukhoneni amadivayisi ezindizayo kumnandi, ngempela nomona amaqhawe inganekwane ngempela. Phestri kuphela ngemva yeminyaka - lapho kwakukhona isamba elanele ulwazi lwesayensi. I zathola okuhlangenwe nakho inkambo sebuningini imizamo akuphumelelanga okuyinto zenziwa uMdali ibhanoyi lokuqala emhlabeni futhi ezazingaphambi kwayo, yayiwusizo osukwini lwethu.

indlela Ornithopter kokuqala

Ekhulwini xv, uLeonardo da Vinci yayiqiniseka ukuthi indoda unqobe emoyeni ukumelana, unakho avuke emoyeni. Ukuze amsize kulo kuyoba amaphiko omkhulu. Kubala ukutadishwa indiza nyoni wayiyisa umqondo yokudala kudivayisi efana glider. ULeonardo da Vinci wazama ukusebenzisa umqondo, okuyinto waphefumulela dragonfly yakhe evamile.

Iqiniso lokuthi ngokuvamile imvelo emoyeni ubizwa ngokuthi "ocean lesihlanu", wezwa ngabaningi, kodwa incazelo salokhu epithet obucacile abakwazi ukunikeza konke. Umlando yamabhanoyi futhi zezindiza uyakhumbula ukuthi phakathi abathanda abafuna ukunqoba wezasemoyeni engaziwa khona, ayeyizinduna eziningi imikhumbi yempi. Mhlawumbe bemagange ukufunda futhi izikhala nhlobo, kodwa waphonsa emuva romance, kuyafaneleka ukuthi amatilosi wayenolwazi oluningi amadivayisi eziyinkimbinkimbi lobuchwepheshe bakwazi ukuphatha frigates ezinkulu. Uma kudingekile, ungakwazi ukulungisa noma ukwakha umkhumbi entsha ngaphandle nobunzima. Ngakho-ke, nakho amatilosi professional iwusizo inqubo yokudala ngowokuqala self ezinezinjini off amadivaysi phansi.

zezindiza Modern civil nakwezempi, omlando wakhe amumethe ezihlukahlukene ucwaningo, wadabula imizwa wokwenama nokukhungatheka, ukulahlekelwa ukuphila futhi avule amathuba amasha.

Ukubukeka we Awama-Glider lokuqala

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX kwakukhona Awama-Glider wokuqala non-sikagesi. Ukulingisa izinyoni, abasunguli wanika izidalwa zakhe ukuma okufanayo. Nokho, ibhanoyi lokuqala asikwazanga ukuthola isizinda kuleli ukusetshenziswa, ngoba isifiso eyolanda Amazing ngokokuqala kokusungulwa awuzange ethwele impumelelo.

Akhuphuke kwaphoqa phezu kwewa, Kwehla kuvela emagqumeni, zihlakazwe ngosizo amahhashi, kodwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uzama abadali, bakwazi ukuba babe abalobi yephrojekthi lokuqala igcwaliswe emoyeni ukwenza umlando, kamuva atholwe igama "zezindiza".

Umlando uyakhumbula ngo-1857 itilosi lokuqala uJean-Marie Les uBrie, ngubani ephethwe ukuthi siphakamise glider esibhakabhakeni, breaking imitha-100 ukuphakama. "Albatross" (Wasebiza simangalele akhe obuchwepheshe), kuncike isiqondiso somoya kanye kwabantu uquqaba emoyeni, kwadingeka ukuba endiza aye ngapha 200 amamitha.

impumelelo Mozhaiskogo

zezindiza Russian bangaziqhayisa yokuthi undunankulu yemikhumbi yenkosi wakwazi ukwakha ibhanoyi lokuqala ifakwe injini umusi, okuyinto alishiye kobuso bomhlaba enabantu yayo umuntu. UMdali wamnika igama ethembisa - ". Vozduholetatelny igobolondo" Ubukhulu kwesikhathi umxhwele indiza: ubude iphiko imayelana 24 metres, lo fuselage imayelana 15 amamitha. Aleksandr Mozhaysky - ungumdali izindiza emhlabeni wokuqala - asikwazanga ukuqedela lo msebenzi. Kodwa intuthuko zakhona ziye zaba siyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa ikusasa yamabhanoyi.

Inani abazalwane American Wright

Ekubona kusengaphambili budebuduze impumelelo, abaqambi ubhedu emhlabeni ancike isipiliyoni discoverers odlule. Ngaphandle wehlise izingalo futhi kusesho njalo imibono engcono, bazama ukudala umshini flying lighter bayasethemba isidingo supply yayo injini namandla kakhulu. Nokho, ukuphathwa zedivayisi wonder ezinamaphiko akupheleli lapho. Umgomo main kwaba nje ukundiza. Uma ubheka emuva anjalo abulala ka-Otto Lilienthal. Ngo-1896, glider yakhe yaphenduka kusukela umthelela abukhali isivunguvungu ezinomoya, futhi umshini iphahlazeka besuka endaweni ephakeme. Ngakho-ke, ukunakekelwa okufanele ikhokhwe hhayi kuphela izindiza abadumile, kodwa futhi labo abakwaziyo ukuhambisa indiza yokuqala.

Bratya Rayt, abasunguli Melika, bakwazi kahle amakhono ebalulekile ukuzanywa futhi ubambe ibhalansi fit izindiza ethekwini emoyeni. Inzuzo ye-design kwaba injini engaguquki eyehlayo on uphethiloli. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi indiza ufana kancane ukuba izindiza wesimodeni, njalo, kwakunjengokungathi kuyisifo whatnot flying, ulesisindo mayelana 300 kg. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, ekuhlolweni kokuqala ngempumelelo "Flyer". Akushintshanga emoyeni 12 imizuzwana, Bratya Rayt banikwa ukukhanya green indoda azinze ezulwini.

Aviation eRussia: ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX

Eminyakeni elandelako embalwa, lonke izwe lingakabikho onyakaziswa impumelelo amaMelika, ukuze indlela sokuthuthuka aqhubeka zezindiza. Umlando ukhuluma agqoke sematheni, amafilimu esingu waseParis labangela ukuqala komkhakha opharetha kweso lenyoni umbono, izincwadi ezifanele enikelwe zezindiza impumelelo. Nokho, ukuhlolwa lokuqala imishini aeronautical ngokufanele ngokuthi daredevils. izindiza isiRashiya, ngokuvumelana ngabameleli bayo, kwaba umsebenzi ungakhululekile futhi engavikelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, e-athikili aziwayo kwesikhathi umshayeli, uBoris Rossinsky basuke Tindzaba samanje futhi izinkumbulo izindiza. Phakathi izikhathi ezingemnandi ngesikhathi indiza wayekujabulela ngokukhethekile wakhumbula uwoyela ukubhema. Smoky, intuthu acrid kwenza okholwayo wangakwazi ukuphefumula ngokugcwele, ukuze umshayeli kwadingeka ngezikhathi zisebenza ammonia ekhaleni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungabi nayo amabhuleki aviator saphoqeleka ukuba siphume ngaphambili ekuhambeni.

Ukudala Sikorsky - iqhawe Russian

Njengoba kwethulwa "Flyer" America zangenela iminyaka eminingi, futhi endaweni yoMbuso wase-Russian babe ukukhiqizwa ezifuywayo imishini endizayo usumisiwe ezingeni eliphezulu. Kwabe sekulandela abagibeli bezindiza lokuqala, elalingaba ungumdali Igor Sikorsky. azivumelanise ngokugcwele negama layo zomlando, "Ilya Muromets" wayeyisikhulu giant phakathi ontanga yakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingaphakathi kwahluka izimo engakaze ibonwe kuze kube manje: okulala amaningi, ukutholakala yangasese and yokugezela, ugesi kanye bafudumale. ukuhlolwa zayo zokuqala esisebenzayo "Ilya Muromets" owawuse ebusika 1914. abagibeli elishumi elinamithandathu inja ebhodini ithole eziningi imizwelo kusukela indiza, ngemva kwalokho indiza wenza cababa. Ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, i-aircrafts ukhululekile kwadingeka ngithathe indima ekuhlaseleni onengxenye kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.

Record ububanzi Tupoleva

ANT-25 Legendary Itholakala Chkalovsky Museum lendlu yebhanoyi. Uma indiza bazisa futhi sibonga lubonakale elikhulu ebomvu amaphiko. Isikhova i-great Russian izindiza umklami Andrei Tupolev waklonyeliswa imiklomelo eminingi ngoba neqhaza ekuthuthukiseni zezindiza.

Valery Chkalov, abashayeli abadumile Soviet ngo-1937 sakwazi ukumisa lolu phiko wangempela irekhodi ibanga. Ngenxa yalokho, lo ANT-25 wathenga nje igama lesibili ezinjalo. Kusuka eMoscow kuya Vancouver ibanga imayelana 8500 amakhilomitha, futhi brainchild of Tupolev izindiza wakwazi ukunqoba it in the umoya ofanayo.

tank Air IL2

Il-2 eyaduma phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Wayengumuntu besabisa amaNazi, njengoba iyona main emoyeni ngivikele amasosha aseSoviet kusayithi impi. Ukumboza amasosha akhe ngezibhamu, izibhamu namarokhethi, wabahola Army phambili. Omunye zako sobala kwaba zempi eziqinile, okuvumela bomlilo ukuze aphebeze ehlasela isitha eJalimane. Ngenxa amandla izindiza zabo inani udaba lamnqoba nezinye nozakwabo bokulwa.

Thobekile U-2

By forties kwekhulu XX eSoviet Union kwaba ehola abaklami bezindiza wadala abaningi ukulwa izindiza, kodwa hhayi kuphela kubo ukuphathisa ukuvikelwa kwesibhakabhaka Soviet.

Bekanye nabo iqhaza empini flying imishini okuyinto zenzelwe izinjongo zokuthula. Phakathi kwabo endaweni udumo wathatha U-2. Lokhu kuqeqeshwa izindiza nesizotha kwadingeka izihlalo ezimbili, kwaba ngokuphelele hhayi kwendle ukusebenzisa futhi bakwazi ukuyohlala senzelwe le njongo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indiza bayazisa ngoba maneuverability yayo futhi tihost. Lokhu kwenza ukuba abashayeli bezindiza wezempi cishe noiselessly ingene ukuze isitha igalelo amnyama futhi isicelo.

Zihlukaniswa ngokwabo empini ngo-1943, u-2 ithole timphawu kanye igama elisha. Ukuze kuhlonishwe UNikolai Polikarpov, indiza abadumile, yonke isikhala aseSoviet, saqanjwa Po-2.

isiphetho

Yehlukene kaningi okubalwa zezindiza umlando esesikhundleni namanje eziningi izibonelo ezinhle futhi inkomba imiklamo, kuhlanganise ephakamisa engcono, izindiza ezivamile fighter Jets.
Asinakusho mayelana airliner nenhle Tu-144 1968 ngonyaka, fighter jet MIG-25 isikhala indiza "Columbia" futhi "Buran". Kuvele ukufohla wawubaluleke kangakanani ukusetshenziswa okunjalo amathuluzi inqubomgomo njengoba drones.

Uma indoda elinye futhi iphupho lapho ngendiza, isifiso ukuphinda ngokoqobo ungamyeki naphakade. Ungakwazi ukufeza iphupho nje ngokuba izindiza ezithwala noma ithola imfundo efanele, ukuze siqhubeke ahlale oshayelayo, noma abe izindiza umklami okukhulu.