Uyini zomlando: izibonelo kanye nezinhlobo imithombo

Ngokufunda umlando, kufanele wazi ukuthi zenzeka ngempela phakathi umcimbi wokugcina futhi isithombe njengoba kuchaziwe ezincwadini zezazi, kukhona umlamuli okukhulu. Lo mthombo zomlando. Uma sikubeka kalula, noma yimuphi cwaningo zomlando iqala kuphela ukufunda yonke imibhalo etholakalayo langaleso sikhathi. Kuphela esebenzisa izitifiketi ababephila ngesikhathi noma labo abazi ngalokhu isikhawu, izinga umsebenzi wokuvuselela izakhiwo zokuhlola imicimbi ingenziwa.
Ngakho-ke yini imithombo zomlando okuyinto incike kakhulu kangaka? Ake sizoxoxa ngalo mbuzo obalulekile ngokuningiliziwe.

izincazelo eyisisekelo

Ngakho ukuthi kuhlanganisa welithi "zomlando"? Isayensi kungenziwa ngakho wabiza bonke ubufakazi abasindile esidlule, ukuze sikunikele isithombe umgomo okwakwenzeka. Yiqiniso, zikhona ngeengaba eziningi idatha yalolu hlobo, ehlongozwayo ngu kokubili mlando ezifuywayo angaphandle kanye abavubukuli ezahlukene. Ngakho lokho, ngokubona abacwaningi ovelele, izincwadi zomlando? Definition of ezinye zazo uzonikezwa esihlokweni.

Ngokwesibonelo, LN Pushkarev uchaza lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• Ubufakazi uhlobo ebhaliwe.
• I real izincwadi zomlando.
• Ulwazi eyatholakala kusukela imiphumela yocwaningo ethnographic.
• emasikweni Oral ukuthi isuka kwesinye isizukulwane iye kwesinye.
• Ubufakazi namalimi wemiphakathi.
• Ifilimu nesithombe indaba.
• Okuqoshiwe. Le mithombo zomlando (kanye ngezigaba zabo kanye) kukhona empeleni esasisesisha, kodwa kusinika ithuba ukuzwa amazwi alabo anqume isiphetho izwe eminyakeni embalwa edlule!

ngezigaba Schmidt

Ngaphambi nje isikhathi sethu, ngo-1985, S. O. Schmidt baphakamise ngezigaba kancane olunemininingwane ethe xaxa, kokunquma ukuyisebenzisa izinhlobo kanye subtypes. Yini ehlukanisa kuba izincwadi zomlando? Ukunqunywa zilwane, sethula ngezansi.

1. Njengoba esimweni sangaphambilini, bonke ubufakazi impahla ngokwehlukana kwabo: kusukela ukubaza ukuba ethwala imfucuza atholakala lapho bemba.
2. Imithombo ezihlobene zobuciko:
a) amafilimu (kanye ifilimu izithombe);
b) ingcaca (emidwebweni, ngemidwebo elula);
c) ingcaca-yemvelo (izithombe abavamile yasendlini zomlando).
3. Imithombo uhlobo ngamazwi:
a) imithombo temlomo zomlando, kuhlanganise zonke izilimi zezigodi nezinhlobonhlobo telulwimi;
b) temdzabu, kuhlanganise nesiko ezingavamile, wathola kuphela ezindaweni ezithile;
c) zonke izikhumbuzo ebhaliwe okuqinisekile, ababashisela liphethwe, nganoma isiphi inhloso noma yadalwa; Uma sikubeka kalula, uhlu bureaucratic materials anganika isithombe kweqiniso okuningi futhi olunzulu emhlabeni kuka ebhukwinitifundvo evunyiwe ngokusemthethweni noma indaba; kuya izinhlobo efanayo ukukhathazeka futhi ifasitela lokuzula.
4. Ezivamile zomlando imithombo yolwazi. Lo mbhalo uthi, ubheke alchemy kanye bamakhemikhali, izazi zezinkanyezi nabathwebulayo, ukusikwa kwezomnotho, nokunye. D.
5. Imininingwane yokuziphatha. Lezi zihlanganisa hhayi kuphela imicikilisho namasiko zezizwe bakudala, kodwa ngisho amasiko yebhizinisi nezinye emphakathini wanamuhla, ukuthi izimpande zayo phindela linazo lezi zinkolelo bakudala.
6. Sound. Nge lolu hlobo idatha licacile: kuba yinoma yisiphi soundtrack alotshiwe inkathi yomlando.
Yilokho imithombo zomlando, ngokuya yencazelo yesayensi kwethemu. Kodwa akukho, ngisho ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa kakhulu abakwazi ukunikeza ngobuqotho kwamabhuku umcwaningi ngalokho okwenzekile, uma akakwazi ukusebenza kahle nabo futhi ukuzichaza.

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi imithombo zomlando ngezigaba zabo - futhi umqondo kunalokho ezingacacile. Njengoba izindawo zokuwagcina ukudluliswa kolwazi olusha, zonke lezi zinhlu sizonwetshelwa futhi uchazwe kabusha. Yilokho has imithombo zomlando.

Yini okufanele banake yokukhipha ulwazi kusuka dokhumenti?

Lapho besebenza ubufakazi ubudala kudingeka khumbula zikhathi ezimbili ezibalulekile.

1. Kubalulekile! akufanele kuthathwe njengendlela umthombo liyinqolobane izimpendulo ngomumo. Uzothola kuphela uthole kuphela ulwazi okubalulekile mayelana okuyinto ungasetha futhi isixhumanisi ngolwazi lwakho ekhona isandla. Kulesi sici, sibe amanothi kubaluleke kakhulu kanye nezitatimende labantu abavamile futhi endaba, okwathi nakuba "ubumpofu" yayo sobala, ngokuvamile aqukethe eningi imininingwane ewusizo. Le mithombo zomlando izinhlobo townsfolk ethulwa "iphepha engenamsebenzi", nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ziyigugu ngempela!

2. Akunakusetshenziswa musa ukuthatha amandla njengoba ukubonakaliswa umgomo zomhlaba njengoba sidalwe umuntu has imibono yabo siqu. Lena iphuzu elibalulekile kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi ukunganakwa, ngisho nayizazi abanolwazi nabadumile!

Okungafanele okungenasisekelo endaweni yokugcina, ake uchaze. Thatha impi edumile Aleksandra Nevskogo nge abaseSweden. Okokuqala, ukuthi ngisho mlando Russian ongangabaza ukuba ngokoqobo lokho okwenzeka, uma kuphela ngoba ukuthi zomlando Swedish azikho ubufakazi ebhaliwe ukuthi impi.

Mhlawumbe bakhetha bathule ngalesi sigameko. Kungenzeka ukuthi izazi-mlando yasekhaya (of "ukuze kwaphezulu", beyilokhu abayikho manje uyakuthanda ethi) umane betfulelwa imigqa skirmish cross-border njengoba impi nobuqhawe. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, kodwa kuwufanele kokuhlola imithombo olunikezwa zombili izinhlangothi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, zemihla ngemihla wendawo (futhi ngokuvamile eYurophu) Ngokuvamile elithi "ubumnyama". amasosha Ngibambeni, izinceku amnyama, Ehlasela amnyama elwa ... konke lokhu kanjani? Uma uqala kusuka tumens-Mongolian, i- "ubumnyama" eyenani lamasosha 10 000. Futhi lokho, phakathi naleso impi efanayo nge abaseSweden, lapho umfula sasiyisimangaliso "ubumnyama" imikhumbi yabo, ukuza kwayo yonke imikhumbi kwaleyo nkathi? Asinakukwenza lokho. Nanku esinye isici - ukuba bahumushe.

mayelana nokuchazwa

Khumbula ukuthi izincwadi zomlando, abantu izibonelo zazo sikunike nezamanje, owadala umuntu, njalo nokujaha ezinye imigomo, ngokuvamile zobugovu. Ukwazi mayelana nezisusa neyenza umbhali, ungafunda okuningi mayelana inkathi yomlando. Ngamafuphi nje, yonke imithombo kufanele uhunyushwe kahle.

Leligama lisho ukuzama ukuthola ukuthi ncamashi umlobi ukubeka kuzo zonke umqondo Amagama namazwi ezitholakala emsebenzini wakhe. Ngalo kanye nokuhunyushwa, zikhona izici ezintathu ezibalulekile.

1. Okokuqala, umthombo bomdabu okuqukethwe. Kufanele sithandaze njalo imibhalo zomlando kubalulekile, ungalokothi igama abazange balikholwe imibiko, ezisuka lapho.

2. Uma ekulungiseleleni idokhumenti kwakukuhle umlamuleli (transcriber, umhumushi), kuyasiza ukuba banake amazwana nencazelo (uma ikhona) yakhe. Yiqiniso, kulesi simo-ke, kubalulekile ukuba acabangele izinga Izithako enjalo, okuyinto incike neziqu Lokokulawula.

3. Ekugcineni, ukuqonda kwakho futhi achaze umthombo.

Kulo mBhalo, umcwaningi kuhlatiya idatha yayo ekhona samaqanda. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukwazi ukubheka lezo zenzakalo ngokusebenzisa emehlweni abantu ababephila ngesikhathi, elingafunwa kwenkathi kwaba bomdabu ngokuphelele. Umcwaningi kumele anikeze incazelo yabo ukuthembeka umthombo, sithembele Imininingwane ethu futhi ukukwazi uzisebenzise ukuvikela isikhundla sabo phambi kwabanye ososayensi.

Khumbula ukuthi noma izincwadi zomlando, abantu izibonelo lapho ukuletha, kumele babe hhayi kuphela ngamazwi, kodwa futhi eyaziwayo!

Kubaluleke ngokukhethekile ukuba embule ngemuva idokhumenti, ukuthola ulwazi mayelana, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, ngokuvumelana nombhali "phakathi kwemigqa". Kuyadingeka ukuba acabangele zonke izici nekuhumusha okungenzeka imigomo etholakala ku umthombo. Ukwenza kube lula ukukuqonda, cabanga ngobudlelwane obakhayo "umlaliso wabantu."

Yini izinhlangano inkulumo enjengokuthi kungabangela indoda yesimanje? okungekuhle kuphela. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka eledlule, i-heroin edayiswa Pharmacy njengendlela "ukukhwehlela amathonsi", ngisho opium endulo sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi cishe painkiller main ezingaba ekudambiseni ubuhlungu. Uyabona umehluko? Umthombo Okokuqala usise ngala mazwi uhluke nenani lamanje.

zamagama

Kwaze kwaba yilapho sebeshiye kubutsela lonke ulwazi usungaqala Yenza umsebenzi wabo esiphethweni. Konke lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi zamagama. Lesi yisinyathelo esibalulekile kakhulu, ngoba ngisho ulwazi eziyiqiniso kakhulu, nalikhuluma ngemlandvo futsi letsembekile ingaboniswa nhlobo nalokho, okuyinto bekuyodingeka.

Variability emithonjeni, kuye ngokuthi inkathi yomlando

Akufanele sibakhohlwe ukuthi imithombo okwenziwa ngezikhathi ezahlukene emlandweni, athwale isigxivizo ubudala ngayinye. Futhi lokhu akuyona inkulumo ehilela njengoba in the izinkathi ezahlukene emlandweni kwavunyelwana indlela ehlukile njengoba cwaningo kanye nokuchazwa imibhalo.

Ngokwesibonelo, arekhoda khona 17 nele-18 ungabahlukanisa yimuphi umuntu ucishe bafundile, njengoba izinguquko ezinkulu kuyagcinwa ngesitayela yabo.

Ngakho, ngalesi sikhathi kakhulu kwandisa umthamo ubufakazi obubhalwe, kodwa okuqukethwe ngamunye wabo kakhulu lula. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu iqiniso lokuthi ngesikhathi bevela okokuqala emithonjeni elikhulu ngempela ulwazi kusuka okungase kakade nomthelela kulawo izingxenye sabantu, owathatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukiseni lonke lelo zwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaleyo minyaka, kuziwa cishe ingqondo yesimanje izibalo kanye imibhalo nokuziphendulela yentela.

Konke lokhu zomlando, amaqembu esiye kuchaziwe ngenhla, akuzona kuphela okunokwethenjelwa ngokwanele, kodwa futhi inhloso kakhulu, ukuthi zomlando - frustratingly akuvamile zikhona ezehlukile.

Nakomagazini kanye journalism kwadingeka ngalolo inkathi ithonya mhlawumbe ngaphezu kwabo bonke izikhungo abathintekayo ekugqugquzeleni imibono ethile. Iqala okwandile njengoba imithombo siqu, Umlando kanye Umlandvomphilo. Lokhu kuqakatheke khulu nje ngenxa yokuthi singabona inqubo liqine ubuntu ezithile nalezo zikhathi zomlando, ukuze bagcine izinguquko yomhlaba yabo.

indida Russian

Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izazi-mlando ubheke isimo lapho izincwadi zomlando eminingi yasendulo 13-14 eminyaka ezweni watadisha lapho imithombo best of the ekuseni futhi maphakathi nekhulu lama-20. Nokho, akukho lutho nakuba ngalokhu aluphelele.

Konke lokhu kuhlupheka esibhekene Amandla esiye sabhekana linemibhikisho ezintathu, izimpi zethu ezine eziyinhloko (singabali lemali ngiyaphupha izigameko sendawo) eyikhulu. Konke lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi kubusa izinhlangano ezinhlanu uhulumeni aphumelele nomunye. Ungakhohlwa mayelana ukuguqulwa okukhulu kwezomnotho, okuyinto siye sabonakala ngokuthi le nkathi, futhi Stolypin guqula futhi ukwakhiwa okufanayo Krasnoyarka HPP kuleyo minyaka nje babengenalo analogue phesheya.
Yiqiniso, kule minyaka zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa main imithombo yokwaziswa kukhona izinqumo ezahlukene kanye nemibiko leKomiti Central we CPSU. Le mithombo zomlando (ebhalwe futhi ifilimu eziningi nesithombe indaba) ethulwa ngekwehlukahlukana yabo. Yingaleso sikhathi, futhi ifihle eyinkimbinkimbi: ukuthola "kokubuka ngaphandle", izazi-mlando eziningi kufanele uthole ukufinyelela US Library of Congress , futhi izikhungo efanayo, njengoba eqoqwe lenqwaba amadokhumenti, eyayibonakala iyawakha ngamalungu kokubili uhulumeni tsarist sangaphambili, elula abokufika. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izinkumbulo "igagasi lokuqala" okumelwe ahlukaniswe kubo, kanti nalabo bantu okwadingeka babaleke ezweni phakathi nangemva kulwiwa kanye kokungenela Western, ukuhamba naye.

Iqiniso lokuthi ngo-1905 balishiya izwe abantu abaningi kakhulu-sekuqhamuke e izinkumbulo lapho ungathola izibikezelo ngokwanele enemininingwane futhi olunembile ngokuwa umbuso. Ngo 1918-1924 e Old and New World bathutha hhayi kuphela kwadingeka isikhathi ukubaleka amalungu bobukhosi umndeni nezihlakaniphi, kodwa futhi abasekeli yangaphambili amaBolshevik, ogama ukubukwa zezwe zihluke nomunye.

Yini imibhalo bayigugu kakhulu isifundo?

Ngiyayizonda ukuvuma, kodwa kuze kube manje, ososayensi abaningi nge ukungathembani ezithile kanye nekungabata ziyizenzo zomthetho, izinto zehhovisi, nakomagazini. Nokho, abekho ngaphansi Iyamangaza iqiniso lokuthi Umlando labacwaningi eziningi ziqondakala cishe njengoba isambulo esivela phezulu, iqiniso eliphelele. Lesi simo sengqondo - yephutha cwe, ngenxa okuyinto ziningi amaphutha zomlando nezinto ezinganembile.

Zonke lezi zomlando nezinhlobo kudingeka nganhlanye bese uhlaziya ngokuningiliziwe esimweni ngasinye!

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Umlando kufanele abhekwe njengendoda luyingxenye documentary, ngisho uhlobo oluthile kakhulu, umnqopho kwabo ngezinye izikhathi yinkinga enkulu. I Skorzeny ofanayo Umlando wakhe ngikweluleke uqinisa "izinhloso ezinhle" laseJalimane lobuNazi, kodwa bakholwa ukuthi okungenani nzima.

Uhlobo izinkumbulo

Izinkumbulo - icala ukuhluka. Lezi zincwadi ngokuvamile ingaba ebalulekile kabusha a senzakalo esingokomlando, njengoba they cabangisisa imibono yabantu ngezinye izikhathi okungahleliwe ngokuphelele. Nokho, akubona konke ngakho elula, ngoba kanye izinkumbulo zabantu ngokuvamile ukusakaza umhlaba wabo kusukela umbono olungisisa uhlangothi, uma hhayi lutho amaphuzu amaningi.

Uma sikubeka kalula, njengoba Umlando nezinkumbulo - a imibhalo luyingxenye subjective, okuyinto kufanele aphathwe ngokuqapha esiphezulu kanye neso ezibucayi. Leli akulona ethile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukutadisha lezi imithombo, ungakha isithombe kweqiniso ngokuphelele imikhuba kwesikhathi zomlando. Yiqiniso, uku Mancane amathuba ukuze bakwazi ukufeza azihlole, ukutadisha izinto bureaucratic.
Ngakho-ke yini imithombo zomlando, ekhuluma Umlando? Ngokwazi ayigugu ngokomlando?

On the ukuhlaziywa efanele Umlando

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, Umlando wakhe bavame umthombo wokwaziswa owusizo, okuyinto dengwane - nobuwula esisobala. Ngokuvamile, komuntu kuqotho, owabhala kubo, it kalula ukuqinisekiswa ngokuqhathanisa ukuziphatha kahle leyo minyaka futhi ezibhaliwe.

Kubalulekile kakhulu futhi incazelo into: umuntu noma umcimbi ezenzeka phambi (noma leyo minyaka) ubufakazi. Incazelo izibalo kufanele wasondela ngokuqapha ethile, njengoba lokho kwaziswa kutholakala nakanjani niyoba subjective kakhulu, kodwa izenzakalo (ikakhulukazi labo lapho abantu kwadingeka ongesona isihlobo ngqo) ngokuvamile kuchazwa khulu. Ngakho, indlela ukuba indlela ukutadisha Umlando?

Okokuqala kubalulekile oyaziyo owabhalela kubo. Yiqiniso, kungcono ukusebenzisa imithombo eminingi, bese uma kungenzeka - "baphile" izinkumbulo usaphila babantu besikhathi sakhe. Lesi sakamuva kubalulekile ikakhulu njengoba cishe ngokuqinisekile kuzovumela thembeke ukuhlonza nombhali indima ekuthetheleleni inkambo imicimbi: ngempela kwakungokungenanjongo okungeziwe banganandaba namtjhana uzithatha ngokuqondile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele ufake yonke imithombo kungenzeka yolwazi kombhali. Isikhathi esining impela, kungenca le ndlela wembula abaqambimanga uthembeke ngubani ukuketula azithele ngabandayo we ababephila ngesikhathi ezidumile kancane abadumile.

Kakhulu isimo Libaluleke yokuthi isicelo kwemibhalo esemthethweni ukuze izinkumbulo. Ngokwesibonelo, le ndlela isici kakhulu Wrangel edume. Abaningi amaqiniso kwesikhathi irretrievably elahlekile noma ukuphazamiseka, ukuze lezi zinto ziba Inani nje obungangatshazwa.

Cishe wonke efanayo ngempela, uma sikhuluma izinkumbulo indodakazi edume of P. A. Stolypina, okubhekisele izicelo yonke imibhalo ku kokusetshenziswa komhlaba, okuyinto eziye zashiwo uyise. Nokho, uma Wrangell kufakwe izinkumbulo zakho lezi izibambiso bebodwa, izicelo ku Umlando ngendodakazi yakhe Stolypin esikukweleta endlini ukushicilela "Contemporary", okuyinto kubhekwa ukuthi lezi amaphepha ngokuqinisekile nentshisekelo umfundi engabandlululi. Njengoba ubona, izisebenzi kokushicilela ababesendlini ngokuphelele kwesokudla.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izincwadi ngo ngandlela-thile uye waba indawo njalo: .. Uma kukhona amasethi wonke ezithinta isizwe esikhathini sethu, ezikhathini elinezinkathazo, ngeNkathi Ephakathi, futhi ngakho ngomshini kumhloli wezincwadi omkhulu kwakulokhu nginovalo lokuthi ukuphila kwakhe. Ngakho qiniseka ukuthi bagcine isikhathi lapho lokhu noma yimuphi omunye umbhalo - kaningi kakhulu kumbhali ubala ezinye izikhathi abayitoho, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi (ngokomongo) ebuyiselwa kubo ngokuphindaphindiwe, okwenza kungabhekisela ezithile ngombono wakhe.
Ekugcineni, lapho futhi owabhala memoir? Uma umuntu ethatha azikhumbulayo idayari, okwaholela isikhathi, noma nje yakhiwa izinkumbulo kwemibhalo esinjalo, ulwazi lapho asho, singamethemba. Uma umlobi we Umlando zalotshwa ukuguga, ngokuvamile bangakwazi njengesinikeziwe ezihlukahlukene eqanjiwe. Prakthiza ebonisa ukuthi abantu ukhohlwe ngaphezulu kuka-90% ulwazi, okusanhlamvu ngamunye uyigugu, kakade emva kweminyaka emibili noma emithathu kuphela.

Yilokho imithombo zomlando. Sithemba ukuthi ukufunda lesi sihloko kuwusizo kuwe.