Izingane uCatherine Omkhulu. IBhodi kanye ukuphila komuntu uCatherine Omkhulu

Russian Umbusikazi uCatherine II, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Great, kwabusa kusukela 1762, unyaka 1796-th. imizamo siqu uye kwelulwe kakhulu uMbuso isiRashiya, uye ngcono kakhulu ohlelweni ukuphathwa futhi ngamandla waphishekela umgomo Westernization, libhekisela inqubo kwathatha imibono Western kanye namasiko. Ezinsukwini Catherine Russia Elikhulu isibe izwe kunalokho enkulu. Kungaba ancintisane amandla amakhulu eYurophu nase-Asia.

Sasebuntwaneni iNdlovukazi enkulu yesikhathi esizayo

UCatherine II, ozalwa UZandile Friederike Auguste, yazalwa ngo-April 21, 1729 in a ubukhulu encane German emzini eStettin, Prussia (manje Shetsin, Poland). Uyise Christian August Anhalt-Zerbst kwaba isikhulu ubunikazi amancane. umsebenzi Military wenza ngesikhathi Frederick William Yokuqala.

Umama Catherine - Princess Elizaveta Golshteyn-Gottorp. Abazali wentombazane besethemba ukubukeka ingakabi nayo indlalifa, ngakho-ke akazange abonise uthando olukhethekile yaba yindodakazi yakhe. Kunalokho, ziyizakhamuzi ezingekho esikhathini esiningi namandla enikelwe indodana yakhe UWilliam, oneminyaka, ngeshwa, kamuva wafa eneminyaka engu-nambili.

Ezemfundo kanye ukusondela ukuba umphathi

Ngiseyingane, Ngokuzayo uCatherine II wayesondelene kakhulu umphathi wakhe Babette. Ngemva kwalokho, iNdlovukazi njalo ngokufudumele ngaye. Amantombazane afundile lalinabashumayeli ngalezo zindaba ukuthi kwakudingeka isimo kanye nemvelaphi. Lena inkolo (yamaLuthela), umlando, isiFulentshi, isiJalimane ngisho isiRashiya, okuwusizo kakhulu kamuva. Futhi-ke, umculo.

wachitha Ngakho ebuntwaneni Ekaterina Velikaya. Kafushane echaza iminyaka yakhe sokuhlala ekhaya, singasho ukuthi akukho okungahambi kahle intombazane Kwakungenakwenzeka. Life esakhula Catherine kwakubonakala isidina kakhulu, futhi wayengakwazi ke ukuthi phambi elinde wakhe i adventure ethokozisayo - uhambo emaphethelweni kude lwengxenye engemuva yomkhumbi.

Ukufika e-Russia, noma ekuqaleni ukuphila komkhaya

Uma Catherine ekhula, unina wabona hambisa yendodakazi yakhe kusho isitebhisi yetenhlalakahle nekwenta ncono simo emndenini. Yena kwakufanele eziningi izihlobo, futhi yasiza ukwenza bacwaninge nzulu umkhwenyana efanelekayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo impilo uCatherine Omkhulu kwakungu okuyisidina ukuze ayebubona okusondelayo umshado izindlela ezinhle ukubaleka ukulawula kamama.

Lapho uCatherine kwaba nanhlanu, iNdlovukazi Elizaveta Petrovna wamcela ngesiRashiya, ngakho wayengakwazi abe umfazi indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi - Grand Duke uPetru III. Wayengumuntu intsha beya futhi obnoxious nesithupha. Ngokushesha Njengoba ayefika Russia, ngokushesha yagula nge pleurisy, okuyinto cishe sengimbulele.

Elizabeth ngasinda sibonga ukopha njalo, okuyinto waphikelela Elizaveta Petrovna. Kodwa umama wayo owawenqabela lo mkhuba, futhi ngenxa yalokho awela lihlazo iNdlovukazi. Nokho, ngokushesha nje lapho Catherine walulama futhi wathatha okholweni Orthodox, naphezu ukuphikisa kukayise - Devotional iLuthela, washada isikhulu abasha. Futhi nge inkolo entsha ethola elinye igama - Katherine. Zonke lezi zenzakalo zenzeka 1745, futhi lokho indaba uCatherine Omkhulu kwaqala kanjani.

Iminyaka wokuphila komkhaya, noma njengombhangqwana oshadile udlala amasosha ithoyizi

Ukuba ilungu amabili nanye asebukhosini ngo-August, Catherine waqala ukugqoka isihloko Princess. Kodwa umshado wakhe, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi ngempela bangajabuli. Umyeni ka uCatherine Omkhulu wayeyindoda beya abasebancane okuyibona abaningi, esikhundleni uchithe isikhathi nabo nowakhe umfazi, ayethanda ukudlala amasosha ithoyizi. A Empress esizayo wachitha isikhathi ukujabulisa wena kwamanye esiyikhethayo, ukufunda.

Bala Andrei Shuvalov, owayebizwa Chamberlain Catherine, Ngangisazi memoirist James Boswell, futhi unolwazi ukubala imininingwane ejulile yokuphila kwenkosi esihlalweni sobukhosi. Ezinye zalezi amahemuhemu equkethwe ulwazi ngokushesha ngemva kokushada, uPetru wambizela indlovukazi yakhe Elizabeth Vorontsova. Kodwa noCatherine ngemva kwalokho wayengekho izikweletu. Yena Kwabonakala uhlobano nge Sergei Saltykov, Grigoriem Orlovym, Stanislavom Ponyatovskim nabanye.

Ukubukeka kwamakhasi indlalifa okwase kukudala ilindelwe

Kwathatha iminyaka eminingana ngaphambi kokuba Empress esizayo wabeletha indlalifa. INdodana uCatherine Omkhulu, uPawulu wazalwa lamashumi amabili Septhemba 1754. Ubaba wengane wengane bekulokhu impikiswano engapheli. Kukhona ososayensi abaningi abakholelwa ukuthi eqinisweni ubaba womfana - hhayi umyeni wakhe uCatherine Omkhulu, futhi Sergei Saltykov - wohlanga olukhulu Russian futhi ngelungu lenkantolo. Abanye bathi ingane libukeka uPetru, ngubani uyise.

Kunoma ikuphi, Catherine ngingenaso isikhathi, amazibulo akhe, futhi ngokushesha Elizaveta Petrovna belisa akhuliswa ngayo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lo mshado akuphumelelanga, it is hhayi labasibekela yi nabanengqondo futhi izithakazelo zezombusazwe uCatherine. Owesifazane osemusha Bright baqhubeka ukufunda okuningi, ikakhulukazi French. Wayeyithanda amanoveli, imidlalo nezinkondlo, kodwa wayenesithakazelo kakhulu imisebenzi izibalo ezinkulu French Ukukhanyiselwa ezifana Diderot, uVoltaire futhi Lakho.

Ngokushesha, Catherine wakhulelwa ingane yesibili, u-Anna, abayophila izinyanga ezine kuphela. Izingane uCatherine Omkhulu, ngenxa amahemuhemu mayelana ukuziphatha okubi kwanoma iNdlovukazi esizayo akuzange kumenze uPetru III imizwa efudumele. Le ndoda bangabaza ukuthi wayenguyise oyizalayo. Yiqiniso, Catherine sinqatshiwe kumangalelwa nkosikazi ayethanda ukuchitha isikhathi esiningi e Boudoir wakhe, ukufihla kusuka ubuntu bakhe obnoxious.

Ngo isinyathelo esisodwa sesihlalo sobukhosi

Ngemva kokufa Empress Elizabeth, owafa ngo-December 25, 1761, umyeni Catherine kuphumelele eziya esihlalweni sobukhosi, baba uPetru III, kuyilapho Catherine yena lithole isihloko Empress. Kodwa umbhangqwana asaphila ngokwehlukile. UMbusikazi zazingenzelwanga nebhodi. UPetru wayengagunci, obala ngonya umkakhe. Wabusela isimo nge intombi eseceleni yabo.

Kodwa Ekaterina Velikaya wayengowesifazane wokuvelela kakhulu amakhono omkhulu wokuhlakanipha. Wayenethemba lokuthi ngesikhathi yonke elifanayo bamiswa futhi abuse Russia. Ngokungafani nomyeni wakhe uCatherine wazama babonise ubuqotho babo isimo futhi ukholo Orthodox. Njengoba yena kahle Kusolwa ke kwamsiza ukuba athathe hhayi kuphela indawo sobukhosi, kodwa futhi ukuze uvikele lonkhe lusito labaludzingako abantu Russian.

Ugobe nowakhe umfazi

Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa wokubusa kwakhe uPetru lesithathu lakwazi ukuthi galo kweqembu izitha kuhulumeni phakathi kwezempi, ikakhulukazi abaholi besonto. Ngobusuku buka-June 28, 1762 Ekaterina Velikaya bakha itulo lover yakhe, Grigori Orlov, washiya isigodlo waya Izmailovo Regiment, okuyinto kubhekwane lamabutho inkulumo futhi phakathi nayo wacela ukuze amvikele nowakhe umfazi.

Yileyo ndlela wasesenza ugobe emelene uPetru III. UMbusi waphoqeleka ukuba ngisayine ka abdication, futhi nokubusa kwendodana ka uCatherine Omkhulu kaPawulu. Lapho-ke futhi Empress kufanele kube ibamba yobudala bakhe. UPetru ngokushesha ngemuva kokuboshwa waklinywa onogada bakhe siqu. Mhlawumbe Ekaterina ngaphambilini lokubulala, kodwa ubufakazi bokuba necala wakhe akukho.

phestri

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi wokubusa uCatherine Omkhulu. Eminyakeni yokuqala uholela esiphezulu isikhathi ukuqinisekisa nobulukhuni isikhundla sayo esihlalweni sobukhosi. Catherine wayeqaphela kahle ukuthi kukhona abantu bakubheka njengelungelo umgabadeli ngubani ashaqe wakwelinye izwe. Ngakho-ke, it is ngenkuthalo wasebenzisa ithuba kancane ukuze sithandwe yezikhulu futhi kwezempi.

Njengoba for inqubomgomo angaphandle, uCatherine Omkhulu wayazi ukuthi iRussia idinga isikhathi eside ukuthula ukuze bagxile ezindabeni yasekhaya. Futhi lokhu ezweni kwakungatholakala kuphela etholwe inqubomgomo angaphandle ngokucophelela. Futhi ngilifeze Ekaterina wakhetha Bala Nikita Panin, owayebizwa kahle ababeyizazi izindaba wezangaphandle.

Nokwethuka ukuphila siqu Catherine

Portrait of uCatherine Omkhulu usibonisa wakhe njengomuntu wesifazane ngempela ubukeka umuhle, hhayi ngaso sonke kungamangalisi ukuthi ukuphila iNdlovukazi komuntu siqu kuye kwaba ezihlukahlukene kakhulu.

Catherine akakwazanga ukuphinde bashade, ngoba ebingayilimaza isikhundla sakhe.

Ngokwabacwaningi kakhulu, indaba uCatherine Omkhulu has mayelana abathandi kweshumi, wayevame okukhishwa isipho ahlukahlukene, esidumisa futhi izihloko, ukuze ngizuze umusa wabo.

Izintandokazi, noma kanjani ukuqinisekisa sebegugile

Ngemva lithandana Catherine umeluleki Grigoriem Aleksandrovichem Potemkinym iphelile, njengoba kwenzeka ngo-1776, iNdlovukazi wakhetha indoda ethile eyayinochoko ubuhle bangaphandle hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi intelligence emangalisayo. Kwaba Alexander Dmitriyev-Mamonov. abathandi Abaningi iNdlovukazi nomusa wakhe, futhi Ekaterina Velikaya luye lwabonisa njalo ukuphana ngakuyo, ngisho nangemva yonke ukuxhumana.

Ngokwesibonelo, omunye izithandwa zakhe - Peter Zavadovsky - got ama-ruble ayizigidi ezingamashumi amahlanu, impesheni ka abalimi ayizinkulungwane eziyisihlanu anamane amawaka ngemva nobuhlobo babo iphelile (kwenzeka 1777). Owokugcina izithandwa zakhe eziningi - Prince Zubov emncane kuka iNdlovukazi iminyaka engamashumi amane.

Futhi kuthiwani abantwana bakwa uCatherine Omkhulu? Ingabe phakathi izintandokazi eziningi kangaka kwakungekho muntu owamnikeza enye indodana noma indodakazi? Noma ingabe uPawulu wayeyisibonelo ukuphela kwengane yakhe?

UCatherine Omkhulu, ozalwa izintandokazi Izingane

Lapho iNdlovukazi Elizaveta Petrovna wafa, Catherine obenezinyanga eziyisithupha ekhulelwe ngu UGrigory Orlov. Ingane yazalwa imfihlo kuzo zonke Apreli 11, 1762 endaweni ecezile lwesigodlo. umshado wakhe kuPetru III ngaleso sikhathi labhujiswa ngokuphelele, futhi ngokuvamile sported enkantolo nge indlovukazi yakhe.

Catherine Chamberlain Basil Shkurin nomkakhe bathatha ingane endlini yakhe. Catherine wokubusa Omkhulu yaqala lapho umfana izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela. It wabuyela esigodlweni. Kid waqala ujabulele ngakhula kahle ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwabazali bazo - Catherine futhi uGregory. Orlov baqala ukusebenzisa ingane izama ukusunduza Ekaterina umshado.

Wacabanga eside kakhulu futhi kanzima, kodwa namanje wathatha Panina Council, owathi uNkk Orlova nanini ukuba abuse isimo Russian. Futhi Catherine akazange alinge ukushada UGrigory Orlov. Lapho uLindani isiyibhobhodleyana, waya phesheya. Uhambo lwathatha iminyaka eyishumi. Ngemva kokubuyela e-Russia indodana wathola njengesipho esivela ifa likanina futhi waqala ukutadisha oNgcwele ubusosha Corps.

Ithonya izintandokazi nezindaba isimo

Ngokusho nenye idatha zomlando, kusukela Poniatowski Empress wabeletha umfana nentombazane, kepha abantwana bakwa-uCatherine Omkhulu wahlala izinyanga mayelana eyishumi nesithupha kuphela. Azikaze kwaziwa esidlangalaleni. Iningi izintandokazi uCatherine Omkhulu sika babevela emindenini esihle Sakwazi ukwakha career oluvelele zezombusazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, Stanislaw Poniatowski baba inkosi yasePoland ngo 1764.

Kodwa ayikho neyodwa kulezi Catherine othandekayo akawasebenzisanga isimo sabo njengoba ukuthonya inqubomgomo yomphakathi. Ngaphandle Gregory Potemkin, uCatherine Omkhulu ngawo exhunywe nemizwa ejulile kakhulu. Ochwepheshe abaningi baze bathi bona umtjhado mfihlo esiphakathi iNdlovukazi futhi Potemkin ngo-1774.

Ekaterina Velikaya, nokubusa ezaziletha izinzuzo ezinkulu esimweni isiRashiya, kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe ezahlala owesifazane ngothando futhi abathandekayo.

Amasevisi Basic esimweni Russian

Futhi nakuba uthando empilweni Catherine kwakuyingxenye ebalulekile, imizwa neze akusibekele izithakazelo zezombusazwe. UMbusikazi uye wasebenza kanzima njalo nokufunda isiRashiya kuze kube sezingeni lokuba njengoba ukususa begxilile egxile ngokuphelele isiko Russian futhi kahle yenhlonipho ngokucophelela wawufunda umlando wabantu umbuso. portrait zomlando ka uCatherine Omkhulu kubonisa ukuthi wayesekulungele umholi abanekhono kakhulu.

Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, Catherine enwetshiwe kwemingcele Empire Russian eningizimu nasentshonalanga cishe 520 000 amakhilomitha square. Isimo isibe amandla alawula engxenyeni eseningizimu esempumalanga yeYurophu. ngokunqoba eminingi ngaphambili lempi avunyelwe uMbuso ukufinyelela oLwandle Olumnyama.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1768, i-Assignation Bank ibuye elikhiphe uhulumeni kuqala imali yephepha. zikhungo avuleka Petersburg naseMoscow, futhi kamuva kweminye imizi amagatsha asebhange zadalwa.

Catherine alalelwa enkulu yezemfundo nokuqeqeshwa kwabantu abasha zabo bobubili ubulili. Moscow Foundling Isibhedlela wavulwa, ngokushesha Empress esungulwe Smolny Institute for Noble emaNtombazaneni. Wafunda theory zemfundo umkhuba kwamanye amazwe futhi usuqalise kwekuhlela kabusha eziningi zemfundo. Futhi kwaba Catherine wabeka isibopho ukusungula izikole izingxenye yesifundazwe of the Empire, Russian.

Empress njalo ukubukelwa empilweni yamasiko lizwe, kanye ukwethembeka obonisa ukholo Orthodox kanye nesimo. It uyazinaka esiphezulu ukunwetshwa izikhungo zemfundo nokukhuphula amandla kwezomnotho. Kodwa ubani obusa ngemva uCatherine Omkhulu? Ubani waqhubeka nendlela yakhe ku ukuthuthukiswa isimo?

Izinsuku zokugcina wokubusa. yindlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi

Kwase kuphele amashumi eminyaka, uCatherine II owayengumbusi eliphelele isimo Russian. Kodwa zonke kulokhu kwadingeka ubuhlobo obungebuhle kakhulu nendodana yakhe siqu - indlalifa Pavel. UMbusikazi wayeqaphela kahle ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuze uthumele amandla ezandleni indodana yakhe.

Ekaterina Velikaya, nokubusa nokuyinto eyaphela ngo maphakathi no-November 1796, zanquma ukwenza umlandeli wakhe umzukulu u-Alexander. Lapha kulapho wabona umbusi wesikhathi esizayo sibamukele wamphatha. Empress babelungiselela umzukulu wakhe wokubusa abaqhuba imfundo yakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena baze bakwazi ngisho ukushada Alexander, okwakusho ukuza yobudala kanye nekhono ukuthatha isihlalo sobukhosi.

Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, emva kokufa uCatherine II ngosizo elinye Icebo lika esigodlweni, indodana iNdlovukazi, uPawulu owokuqala wathatha indawo ye indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi. Ngakho, nguye obusa ngemva uCatherine Omkhulu ngoba kule minyaka emihlanu edlule.