Joyina i-ubukhulu BaseMoscow Tver lapho othile kwenzeka futhi unyaka? Ukujoyina Novgorod futhi Tver ukuze ubukhulu eMoscow

Ekhulwini XI isimo Old Russian lahlukaniswa laba principalities eziningana ezimele. Ngemva ayehlasela AmaTatar nokumiswa ijoka Mongol laliqala ukwanda ithonya eMoscow. Lokhu edolobheni elincane elaba isikhungo zezombusazwe kwamazwe Russian. Moscow izikhulu bahola umzabalazo dwellers asemaqeleni. Ngemva Dmitry Donskoy wahlulwa Mamai e Battle of Kulikov, lesi sikhundla umholi nakakhulu.

ngokujoyina Novgorod

Nokho, ngaphezu eMoscow, ayesekhona amadolobha ambalwa ocebile futhi ebalulekile, bajabulela ukuzimela. Okokuqala base Novgorod futhi Tver. Kwakuhlangene eMoscow phakathi nokubusa Ivan III (1462-1505).

Nkosi Novgorod Elikhulu njalo wama phandle ngokumelene nakwamanye amadolobha aseRussia. Ekhulwini XII ke kwamiswa uhlelo republic kahulumeni. Amandla emzini ngokuyinhloko okungewakho Chamber. Kwakuyisikhathi ukuhlangana izakhamuzi, abezwa ukhiye nokubusa Novgorod ngokusebenzisa ukuvota. Ngokwentando yeningi elinjalo lalikhona kuphela Pskov. Novgorod wakhetha yisikhulu sabo. Njengomthetho, abo bebengabaphathi beempahla we Rurik lwamakhosi. Isikhulu ayikwazanga uthumele amandla akhe ifa, njengoba kwakwenziwa kweminye imizi lasendulo.

Ukujoyina Novgorod futhi Tver ukuze ubukhulu eMoscow kwaholela kuphulwa isiko, ijwayelekile izakhamuzi zendawo. Ivan III ayikuthandi Iqiniso inkululeko abusa phezu loMfula Volkhov. Eminyakeni yokuqala wokubusa kwakhe isinyathelo inkontileka autocrat Novgorod eMoscow wavuma ngaphansi okuyinto abavikela yakhe. Nokho, kwakukhona iqembu aristocrats ongathandanga ukuqinisa ithonya Ivan. Leli qembu boyars, iphethwe likahulumeni Umfazi Marfoy Boretskoy umfelandawonye Lithuania. Ivan ibhekwa lesi senzo njengoba ukungathembeki komuntu oshade naye. Wamemezela impi abangalaleli. Ngo 1478 amabutho akhe ekugcineni engena Novgorod yayihlasela futhi yayinqoba i-ke ukuba nempahla kwesikhulu eMoscow. Kwakuthinta adiliza uphawu oyinhloko nenkululeko abendawo - insimbi inhlangano.

Isikhundla Mikhail Khodorkovsky

Ngalesi sikhathi, Tver wayesalokhu esizimele eMoscow. It obusa abasha Prince Mikhail Borisovich. Ivan Iii ngesikhathi, uMarta wayethikanyezwa ebudlelwaneni bakhe Tver ngenxa yempi ne amaMongol. Ngo 1480 kwathatha omi emfuleni Ugra. Ngemva kwakhe, u-Ivan ekugcineni besusa Golden zidlamlilo isimo owumthelela.

Ngemva kwalokho ukuxhumeka ubukhulu BaseMoscow Tver. Ivan III kwaba umthelela ohlangothini, kanye bayibutho elikhulu. Tver waba isisulu yakamuva inqubomgomo 'wokubuthela emazweni Russian "futhi ngenxa ubunikazi Mikhail Borisovich ukushayela weshe eMoscow Novgorod.

umlando Tver

Ngaphambi kwalokho, ekhulwini XIV Tver kwadingeka wonke amathuba ukuba abe isikhungo kokuhlanganisa zonke principalities East Slavic. Okwesikhathi esithile, nababusi bomuzi ngisho walidla uVladimir - inhloko-dolobha yesifunda lasendulo. Nokho, ukuvelela okusheshayo Tver Izikhulu AmaTatar bethuswa nabanye ababusi Russian. Ngenxa yalokho, lo muzi waba isisulu yochungechunge oluthile lwezinto ezenzeke ezimpini lapho bonke omakhelwane zimunye ekulweni kwakhe. Izikhulu ezintathu Tver ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene elahlekile amakhanda zidlamlilo. Ngalesi umzabalazo mkhulu phezu kwamazwe Russian eMoscow iwine. Ivan Iii kuqeda umsebenzi olwaqala ezazingaphambi kwayo.

EMoscow Tver Union

Tver ababusi, ukulahlekelwa usithonye wangaphambili, Uzame ukuphetha umfelandawonye eRussia, ngo ebingabusebenzisa amalungu alinganayo. Lapho uyise Ivan III, Vasily Ebumnyameni, e dominions yakhe waqala seziyaluyalu. Impi phakathi abazukulu Dmitriya Donskogo (pretenders yesihlalo sobukhosi) kuye kwasho ukuthi ke iSikhulu Tver Boris banquma ukusiza omunye wabo. ekukhetheni kwaKhe yawa phezu kwezinsizwa Basil Dark. Babusi bavuma ukuthi Ivan Iii waganwa indodakazi ka isikhulu Tver. Lapho Basil ekugcineni kuvikelwe sobukhosi (ngaphakathi spite of neqiniso lokuthi wayeseholela waphuphuthekisa), kusho le nyunyana waphethwa.

Nokho, kuyinto umshado Ivan III okwenziwa kube nokwenzeka-kuya ubukhulu BaseMoscow Tver. Indodana yakhe yokuqala (futhi Ivan), ngiyabonga kunina, kwadingeka wonke amalungelo esihlalweni sobukhosi kumkhulu wakhe.

ubudlelwane Ukupholisa

Ngukuqhuma ubuhlobo phakathi omakhelwane bephuma, lapho ngokungazelelwe ushonelwe obushade naye eMoscow Maria B. Duke. Ngemva kwalesi senzakalo, udumo futhi wemibono Tver boyars baqala ukuthutha eMoscow, ilindele impi esikhathini esizayo. Phakathi kwawo kwakunodade owayesuka, isibonelo, Daniil Holmsky - umbusi ezidumile nomphathi wamasosha. Joyina i-ubukhulu BaseMoscow Tver kwadingeka ukuba kwenzeke ngoba ngenakugwemeka izizathu zomlando, futhi ukuvela isizathu kuphela uvele Kuxhomeke isikhathi. Ivan Iii luphakanyisiwe defectors, lokusho ezinye boyars ukuthi kungcono ukuhambisa inkonzo kuye. Lezi zinyathelo sewenze uxhumano ubukhulu BaseMoscow Tver umsebenzi lula. Elite amuncwa edolobheni zange ajamelane umcimbi ngenakugwemeka.

Ukuhlaselwa elandelayo Mihailu Borisovichu kwaba ukuqokwa uMbhishobhi Tver Bassion. Emhlabeni-ke wayeyindodana omunye ojenene Ivan III. Umbhishobhi omusha wawungakholelwa iso kombusi ehlala edolobheni eliseduze. Wenza kakhulu ukubeka ukubusa Tver ukuze ubukhulu eMoscow. Unyaka nonyaka, uMbhishobhi Ivan wathumela uthuma isimo izingqondo Izicukuthwane wendawo.

New oMfelandawonye Michael

Ithemba lokugcina Mikhail Borisovich ukuze alondoloze ukuzimela wayesengaba umfelandawonye isimo Polish-Lithuanian. Ukujoyina Tver ukuze ubukhulu eMoscow kungaba eziyinkimbinkimbi uma ezazikumelela omakhelwane Western. Ekuqaleni, uMichael uholwe izikhulu ngoludala, inzalo ka Gediminas. Waphetha imishado dynastic, kodwa abalethanga izinzuzo.

Ngo-1483, uMichael baba umfelwa. Wanquma ukuthumela lenxusa imfihlo enkosini Polish Casimir. Isikhulu kwakufanela ashade umzukulu wakhe bese umlekeleli onokwethenjelwa. NabasePoland babengamaKatolika, futhi eMoscow babephathwa ezingaphezu kuka cool. Ngokushesha Ivan Iii oyifundile mayelana nobudlelwane imfihlo uMichael. Ngemva kwalokho, wanquma ukuqala Tver kokujoyina ubukhulu eMoscow. Idethi lo mcimbi sisondela ngokungenakuvinjelwa lusondela.

Fall Tver

Ekupheleni kuka-August 1485, u-Ivan III bahlangana regiments abaqotho. Nabo waya Tver, bememezela impi Mihailu Borisovichu. Melana ubukhulu kwakungelutho. Michael wabalekela Poland. Ezisele boyars Ivan wacelwa ukuba sizibambele inkonzo yakhe ngaphandle uxhumano siphelile Tver ukuze ubukhulu eMoscow. Unyaka ngemuva konyaka i-Ivan kancane kancane bayeka umakhelwane wakhe ngaphandle abasekeli nezisetshenziswa. Ekugcineni, kwaba khona ukunamathela ubukhulu BaseMoscow Tver. Uma othile ngabe waphila noma manje abahlala emadolobheni, abakwazanga ukumelana bakahulumeni omkhulu. IMoscow yayingenye umphumela engokwemvelo ukunwetshwa umzabalazo eminyaka ubudala phakathi principalities ethize, eyayizoba uwine umuntu oyedwa. Lapho indodana Ivan III futhi Vasily abazihlanganisile Pskov futhi Ryazan, okwaphela inyunyana Russia. Moscow isibe isikhungo ezwe lonke ezombusazwe, okuyinto vele akazange phikisa.

Prince lokugcina Tver Mikhail Borisovich kwaba ePoland, lapho afela khona ngokuthula 1505 (ngonyaka efanayo Ivan III). Ngu Casimir, wathola izigodi eziningana, lapho ahlala khona waze washona.