Ugra - umfula esifundeni saseKaluga

Ugra ngumfula ogeleza ezindaweni zaseKaluga naseSmolensk zaseRussia. Lona umthamo wesokunxele woMfula i-Ob. Ugra ngumngcele wemvelo emaphethelweni enhloko-dolobha yasekhaya lakithi - eMoscow. Ngakho-ke, emagqumeni ayo, izikhali eziningi ezikhazimulayo zenziwa ngezandla zezwe. Lo mfula omuhle eduze neMoscow uzoxoxwa kulokhu kulesi sihloko.

Igama lomfula Ugra

Ngokuphathelene ne-etymology yegama lomfula, izingxabano zenziwa. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi leli gama alisiSlavic, kodwa livela kumsuka we-Finno-Ugric. Kulolu limi, impande "uga" ("eningizimu") isho "umfula". Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi igama elithi "Ugra" libuyela emuva kwe-Russian Qgr yasendulo, okusho "imbungu". Kwakuvela kulokhu okushiwo igama lwanamuhla elithi "eel". Uma sibheka le ncazelo, ngakho-ke singacabanga ukuthi ezikhathini zasendulo abantu babiza lo mfula ngokuthi "wriggling, winding" ngenxa yemvelo engazinzile, okwakushintsha kakhulu isiqondiso salo.

Umsuka woMfula u-Ugra, igama layo, uhlotshaniswa nokuhlala kweMagyar, okwakuma ogwini lwawo ngezikhathi ezithile. Igama lesizwe lamaMagyri laliyigama elithi "ama-eels."

Incazelo ye-Hydrological

Ubude bomfula bungamakhilomitha angu-399. Indawo yendawo yokudoba ingaba ngu-15,700 km ² . Umthombo we-Ugra ungxenyeni eningizimu-empumalanga yesifunda saseSmolensk.

I-Ugra ingumfula odla ngezindlela eziningana: ama-60% omgubho waminyaka yonke asemanzini aphethwe ngamanzi, ama-30% angaphansi komhlaba futhi ama-5% kuphela e-runoff afika nemvula. Umbuso wezinga lomfula ubhekwa ngamanzi aphezulu, aphezulu, aphansi kakhulu ehlobo-ekwindla, ngezinye izikhathi uphazanyiswa yizikhukhukhula eziphezulu ngenxa yemvula enamandla, futhi ephansi kakhulu ebusika ebusika. Ekupheleni kukaMashi iqhwa emfuleni iyancibilika, futhi kuqala ukukhukhula, okuphela ngo-May. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, izinga lamanzi likhuphukela kumamitha angu-10-11 uma kuqhathaniswa namanzi aphansi asebusika. Ngokwesilinganiso, ukugeleza kwamanzi emfuleni unyaka kungu-90 m ³ ngomzuzwana.

I-Ugra ihlanganiswa neqhwa kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaNovemba kuya kuJanuwari. Umfula awufaki okweqile emanzini, ngenxa yamanje enamandla, ubukhulu beqhwa ku-Ugra buhlukile.

Isigodi somfula sibonakala inqwaba yezikhukhula zezikhukhula, ububanzi bawo buyi-1-2km, futhi ezindaweni eziphansi - amakhilomitha angu-3.5. Ububanzi bombhede we-Ugra umfula u-70-80 wamamitha ezindaweni eziphansi. Isivinini esivamile somfula singu-0.4-0.6 m / s.

Umthombo womfula

Ugra ngumfula ovela esifundeni saseSmolensk, esifundeni sase-Elninsk, amakhilomitha angu-25 ukusuka edolobheni laseYelnya, amakhilomitha amabili ukusuka emzaneni waseVoskoe. Le ndawo imenyezelwa isikhumbuzo semvelo yasendaweni. Imingcele yemvelo yalendawo evikelekile yinkambu yaseningizimu lapho ikhona khona. Umthombo womfula ungumfudlana omncane odla emanzini amanzi. Isigodi sase-Ugra kule ndawo asicacisiwe, siseduze ngokuphelele namahlathi amancane nezihlahla ezincane. Phakathi kwezihlahla, i-birch ikhona lapha, i-aspen ayifani kakhulu. Ubudala bemifino eluhlaza bufinyelela eminyakeni engama-35-40. Kuphela eduze komzana, uMfula oMkhulu uthola ukubukeka okujwayelekile ngesiteshi esichazwe kahle kanye namanje evamile.

Umfula wezintambo

Esifundeni saseKaluga, umfula udlulisela inkambo yawo ngamakhilomitha ayi-160. Imifudlana eminingi nemifula igeleza ku-Ugra. Izinkampani zalo eziyinhloko yizi: Zhizhala, Izver, Shan, Techa, Ress, Vory, Roshvyonka, Vepryka, Verezhka, Sokhna, Kunova, Remezh, Uza, Debra, Dyenka, Gordota, Oskovka, Makokka, Baskakovka, Sobia, Turaia, Voronovka, Sigosa , UVolost, uLeonidovka nabanye abaningi. Ngokuphelele, i-Kaluga Ugra River inamakhomithi angu-44. Umbhede wayo uqukethe amatshe amakhulu kanye nesihlabathi esihle. I-Ugra ingena e-Oka endaweni eqhele ngamakhilomitha ayishumi ukuya ezindaweni eziphezulu ezisuka emzini waseKaluga.

Amaqiniso omlando

I-Ugra ingumfula, owawuvame ukusebenza njengomngcele wemvelo phakathi kwezinhlangano ezahlukene zezombangazwe nezomphakathi. Kusukela ngo-1147, imibhalo inezinkomba ezibhekene nezingxabano zezombangazwe kuso. Kwaziwa kakhulu waba okuthiwa "emi emfuleni ugra." Ngakho emibhalweni yaseRussia ebizwa ngokuthi ukulwa okwenzeka phakathi kweNkosana enkulu yaseMoscow i-Ivan the Third no-khan we-Big Orda Akhmat ngo-1480. Lo mzuzu emlandweni weRussi uthathwa njengokuphela kwejoka laseTatar-Mongol. Ukubaluleka kokuzivikela kuka-Ugra kugcizelelwa yisiteketiso abantu ababeka kuso, iBelt of the Virgin.

Emagqumeni ase-Ugra River, amaRussia amaningi azihlukanisa ngokuxhaphazwa kwempi. Lapha ngo-1812 uDenis Davydov odumile waqhubeka evikela. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili, ngesikhathi kuhlasela amabutho kaHitler eMoscow, Ugra waba umgoqo wemvelo phakathi kwabaphikisi baseMotherland kanye nabahlaseli. Emfuleni, A.G. I-Rogov, umphathi wezinkundla zezinkundla . Wathumela indiza yakhe evuthayo ku-fascist ewela ngaphesheya kwe-Ugra futhi ayiqothule.

Ukudoba emfuleni

E-Ugra ungabamba izinhlanzi ezihlukahlukene: i-pike, i-burbot, i-roach, i-bream, i-bream, i-sterlet, i-catfish noma i-pike perch. Ekufinyeleleni kwangasese, okutholakala ngezansi komgwaqo, i-pike noma i-lure ibanjwe ezinkukhu eziphilayo noma i-spoon. Bonke abanye abamele izinhlanzi zezinhlanzi emfuleni bakhetha i-worm. Ngentwasahlobo kungcono ukubamba i-asp kwi-beetle yamaMeyi. Ekupheleni kwehlobo, uyaluma kahle ku-chrysanthemum chub. Abadobi abanokuhlangenwe nakho baqhubeka bebamba ama-koukan nasesigodini, ngoba i-muskrat noma i-otter ingahle ibonakale ingabonakali futhi ifanele isilwane esiyigugu.

I-National Park

Enye yezona ezihlanzekile esifundeni esiseProatia yi-Ugra River. Isifunda saseKaluga sidume ngemvelo yaso emangalisayo. Ngo-1997, ipaki kazwelonke "Ugra" yavela kule ndawo, okuyinto indawo yemvelo evikelwe ngokukhethekile. Lapha kukhula izitshalo eziningana (izinhlobo ezingu-1,026), ezinye zazo ezivela eNyakatho Melika, ezinye zimelela izitshalo zendawo. Esikhathini sepaki kazwelonke kunezinhlobo ezingu-140 ezingavamile esifundeni saseKaluga: Isihlangu seVenus, i-Paltchatikollennik Baltic, inqwaba yezinhlanzi ezinomhlanga , i- neotthiana hood, ikhanda le-pollen elikhuphuka isikhathi eside nabanye. Eziningi zalezi zitshalo ziyiBhuku Elibomvu LaseRussia Federation.

Imfuyo yepaki kazwelonke iboniswa ngezinhlobo ezingu-300. Lapha inyamazane, izibungu zasendle, i-squirrel, i-moose kanye ne-marten zihlala. Phakathi kwezinyoni ezilawulwa yizinkuni, izinkuni ze-hazel, ama-hawks, i-waghis nama-woodcocks. Emaphethelweni emifula ungabhekana ne-beavers kanye ne-otters. Ingqikithi, ipaki ihlanganisa: izilwane ezincelisayo - izinhlobo ezingu-57, izinyoni - 210, izinhlanzi - 36, ama-amphibians - 10, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo - 6, ama-cyclostomes - 1.

Ipaki kazwelonke Ugra idabula lonke isifunda saseKaluga ibanga lamamakhilomitha angu-200. I-90% yezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo zesifunda ihlanganisa lokhu okugcinwe khona.