Ukuhlukaniswa kweqembu lenhlabathi

Uhlaka lwama-rock, oluvezwe kakhulu emiphumeleni, lubizwa ngokuthi "umhlaba". Izakhiwo zalo zixhomeke ngqo kumathonya ahlukahlukene angaphandle angabangela amakhemikhali kanye nesimo sezulu, ukubhujiswa komoya, ukuguguleka kwamanzi, nezinguquko zokushisa. Ingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke yenhlabathi, ehambisana nemiphumela eyengeziwe yazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ibizwa ngokuthi inhlabathi. Ithonya lemhlabathi ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, izakhiwo nemigwaqo iphezulu kakhulu. Kuye ngohlobo kanye nezakhiwo, ukuzinza nokuqina kwekhava lomhlaba, ubuchwepheshe kanye nokuklama kwakhiwa.

Ngokwesilinganiso sokubhujiswa komhlaba kanye namatshe, amaqembu asemqoka enhlabathi ahlukanisiwe:

1. Abangeyona indawo.

2. Idwala.

Iqembu lokuqala, libuye lihlukaniswe ngamachungechunge amaningana ngokwezinga lokuhlukaniswa: inhlabathi enamaqabunga, ama-clayy and sandy.

Iqembu elincane lama-class of soil lihlanganisa ingxube yezinhlayiya ezingenakubalwa ezingaphezu kuka-2 mm ngobukhulu ngephesenti elingaphezu kwama-50% ngesisindo. Umhlabathi we-Sandy uyingxube yezinhlayiya ezimile ezomile, inqwaba yayo engenayo i-ductility eyanele.

Amaqembu ahlambalaza enhlabathi ayesembozo semvelo esingavumeli amanzi ukuba adlule, okungaba nombuso owomile we-monolithic noma i-cloddy, kodwa ungumapulasitiki endaweni emanzi. Okuqukethwe kwamadwala ebumba kufanele okungenani kube ngu-3% we-mass mass.

Amaqembu eDwala lensimu ahlukaniswe abe yi-metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary. Banoxhumano oluqinile phakathi kwenhlanganisela yezinhlamvu kanye nezinhlayiya zamaminerali, ezingabhekwa ngesigqabhezana esiqhekekile noma ubuningi obuqinile.

Amadwala angenalutho anemvelaphi yomsakazo kanye nesigaba sabo esiyingqayizivele: ama-effluents, isibonelo, isifo sikashukela ne-basalt, nokujulile, njengezenzani nama-granite.

Amadwala we-Metamorphic yibo abaye bavezwa ukushisa okuphezulu nokucindezela, isibonelo, marble, quartzite noma gneiss. Izinto ezinjalo zinezinga eliphezulu lamandla.

Ukwakhiwa kweqembu elincane lezomhlabathi kubangelwa ukufakwa kwezinhlayiyana ezivela ku-slurry yokufakelwa, okube sekuguqulwa ibe yindawo engqimba ye-monolithic. Kungaba umphumela wezindleko zamakhemikhali, noma izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo. Ngokufanayo, kunezimakethe, i-dolomite, i-gypsum, i-peat ne-limestone.

Izimo zokwakhiwa kwamadwala ase-sedimentary ziye zaholela ekuhlaleni okuqhubekayo kube yi-aeolian, amanzi-glacial, moraine, olwandle kanye nomfula.

Amadwala ahlukeneyo ahlanganisa ama-subgroups angu-2 ahlukaniswe ngokwemvelo yokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlayiyana zibe ngumbumba (ubumba) futhi unqanyuliwe (amatshe kanye negravel).

Izakhiwo zeqembu ngalinye lenhlabathi zixhomeke ekubukeni kwamadwala, kodwa zingashintsha kakhulu ekubunjweni kwamakhemikhali kanye ne-mineralogical, uhlobo lwesibopho, ukuma nobukhulu bezinhlayiya.

Ngakho-ke, inhlabathi iyisimiso se-multiphase esasabalalisiwe, esimweni sayo sokwemvelo sinezigaba ezintathu: izingxenye zamaminerali zamatshe, amanzi kanye nomoya.