Inguquko wobunxiwankulu eNgilandi: usuku, izimbangela, imiphumela

Adume wobunxiwankulu revolution eNgilandi (1642-1660) is ezweni lethu eyaziwa ngaphansi kwegama ofanayo izincwadi Soviet, okuyinto ukugxila engaphelele yomzabalazo wezigaba emphakathini IsiZulu kwekhulu XVII. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lezi zenzakalo ezivele zenzeke e-Europe, eyaziwa nje "impi yombango." Sekuvele omunye izenzakalo ezivelele zangaleso sikhathi yakhe futhi kuchazwe vector yentuthuko eNgilandi phakathi namakhulu eminyaka ezayo.

Umbango naphakathi kwenkosi ephalamende

Isizathu esiyinhloko impi yayibangela ukungqubuzana phakathi mphathi isishayamthetho. Kolunye uhlangothi kule mpi kwaba Korol Karl mina we uStuart lwamakhosi, owabusa England njengenhlangano nkosi ngokuphelele, wayencisha izakhamuzi amalungelo abo ngokwanele. Kwenyukela kuye ephalamende, obabukhona ezweni kusukela ngekhulu XII, uma unikwe i-Magna Carta. I-House of Abamele amakilasi ezahlukene engafuni ukwamukela iqiniso lokuthi inkosi elisusa amandla akhe futhi inqubomgomo womuntu ongabazisayo.

Inguquko wobunxiwankulu eNgilandi kwadingeka nezinye akuyona. Phakathi nempi, ukuthola ukuthi abameleli ubuhlobo izinkolo yobuKristu ezahlukene (amaKatolika, amaSheshi amaPuritan). Lokhu kulwa kwaba echo esinye isenzakalo esibalulekile European. Ngo 1618-1648 GG. ensimini ka njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma raged neMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu. It waqala njengoba emzabalazweni amalungelo amaProtestani, okuyinto kuqhathaniswa amaKatolika. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, impi ukusivumela yonke imibuso esiqine European, ngaphandle England. Nokho, ngisho esiqhingini angawodwa ingxabano zenkolo kwakudingeka luxazululwe ngenkani izikhali.

Esinye isici esihlukanisa inguquko wobunxiwankulu eNgilandi, kwaba nokuphikiswa kazwelonke British, futhi Scots, Welsh futhi Irish. Laba bantu abathathu zanqotshwa ohlanga futhi wafuna ukuba bafinyelele inkululeko, sibambe impi embusweni.

Qala inguquko

Izizathu eziyinhloko inguquko wobunxiwankulu eNgilandi, ezichazwe ngenhla, kufanele ngokushesha noma kamuva kuholele ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali. Kodwa kwakudingeka isizathu esikhulu lesi. Umsolwa utholakale 1642. Ngo nje kwezinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuqala lokhu kubhikisha kazwelonke e-Ireland, abantu bendawo noma yini ukuba axoshe abahlaseli British esuka eziqhingini zabo.

ELondon, ngokushesha waqala ukulungiselela ukuthumela ibutho entshonalanga, ukuze umoya wenkosi le ukukhononda. Kodwa ekuqaleni umkhankaso kuvimbe ingxabano phakathi kwePhalamende King. Amaqembu ayengakwazi ukuvumelana ku ubani ozohola impi. Ngokusho imithetho muva yokutholwa, ibutho abangaphansi ePhalamende. Nokho, Charles Ngangifuna ukuba athathe isinyathelo ezandleni zabo siqu. Ukwesabisa kwamaphini, yahlatshwa isinqumo sokuthi sibophe enobudlova kakhulu abaphikisi bakhe ephalamende. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona osopolitiki ezifana Dzhon Ipimi futhi Denzil Hollis. Kodwa bonke babaleka unogada abathembekile inkosi ngomzuzu wokugcina.

Khona-ke uKarl, esaba, ngenxa yamaphutha abo ngeke abe yisisulu impendulo, wabalekela eNew York. Inkosi ukude uqalile ukuhlola amanzi ukukukhuthaza amalungu ngokulinganisela ePhalamende iya ku nohlangothi lwakhe. Ezinye zazo ngempela baya Stewart. Kwenzeka okufanayo yempi. Abamele yezikhulu olandelanayo ngubani wayefuna ukuba alondoloze oludala kobukhosi ngokuphelele, babe ungqimba umphakathi ukuthi asekelwe inkosi. Khona-ke Charles, ukukholelwa bona, impi waya eLondon ukubhekana kwePhalamende edlubulundayo. umkhankaso wakhe wethulwa August 22, 1642, futhi yaqala nenguquko wobunxiwankulu eNgilandi.

"Roundheads" ngokumelene "Madoda"

Abasekeli ePhalamende nabizelwa Roundheads, kanye abavikeli lasebukhosini - the Cavaliers. Impi yokuqala enkulu phakathi kwamabutho amabili aphikisanayo senzeka Okthoba 23, 1642 eduze nedolobhana Edgehill. Siyabonga ukuthi anqobe namanenekazi zayo zokuqala wakwazi ukuvikela Oxford, elaba yokuhlala kaCharles I.

Inkosi yenza umlawuli wakhe isikhulu samasosha lomshana wakhe Rupert. Wayeyindodana we Elector LasePalatine Frederick, ngenxa okuyinto iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu eqala ukuba khona ngo-Germany. Ekugcineni, i-emperor wadingiswa Rupert umndeni aphume ezweni, futhi kuye le nsizwa yaba mercenary. Ngaphambi kokuvakashela England, wathola ingcebo yolwazi lempi ngokusebenzisa isevisi e-Netherlands nokufunda eSweden. Manje umshana yenkosi, wahola Cavaliers phambili amabutho, befuna ukuba liyobamba London, awasalayo ezandleni abasekeli wePalamende. Ngakho, e-England hlangana inguquko wobunxiwankulu wahlukaniswa waba ingxenye halves ezimbili.

Roundheads asekelwe onxiwankulu elalisafufusa kanye abahwebi. La makilasi yezenhlalakahle baye baba mathupha kakhulu ezweni lakubo. Baqhubeka emnothweni, ngiyabonga kubo ukusungula. Ngenxa yenqubomgomo ngokungakhethi yasekhaya yenkosi ukuhlala usomabhizinisi e-England wayebe nzima. Yingakho onxiwankulu kwaba ohlangothini iPhalamende, enethemba win ukuze uthole inkululeko wathembisa ukuphatha iindaba zabo.

ubuntu Cromwell

Abaholi bezombusazwe eLondon kwaba u-Oliver Cromwell. Weza kusuka landowning lomkhaya ocebile. usithonye futhi akwazi ukuthola imali ngokusebenzisa amadili ngobuqili nge izakhiwo zesonto. Nge kugqashuka impi , waba isikhulu sebutho ePhalamende. ithalente yakhe yabonisa ukuthi umkhuzi Battle of Marston Moor, eyaqala ngo-July 2, 1644.

Kuyo emelene lenkosi awazange kuphela round abangenangqondo, kodwa Scots. Lesi sizwe emakhulwini elwela inkululeko omakhelwane wayo oseningizimu. IPhalamende e-England waphetha umfelandawonye Scots ngokumelene Charles. Isho kanje inkosi, wabanjwa phakathi nezimpi ezimbili. Lapho amabutho amaZwe Asizanayo akuhlanganisileyo baya ohlangothini York.

Battle of Marston Moor yahanjelwa ingqikithi abantu mayelana 40,000 nhlangothi zombili. Abasekeli inkosi, kwaholela Prince Rupert, lahluleka angawethusi, okwathi ngemva kwalokho sonke enyakatho yeNgilandi, ususuliwe yi Cavaliers. U-Oliver Cromwell nabamahhashi bakhe abangu ngokuthi "Ironsides" ngoba okukhuthazela nokukhuthazela kwakhe esikhathini esasibucayi.

Army kabusha ePhalamende

Ngenxa kokunqoba Marston Moor U-Oliver Cromwell waba ngomunye wabaholi ePhalamende. Ekwindla ka-1644 e-House of abameleli izifunda, okuyinto nqumela intela enkulu (ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kuhle kwe-ibutho). Babika ukuthi zazingeke zisaba ukwenza imali endaweni yengcebo. Lesi senzakalo sasingeyona umfutho sokuguquka ngaphakathi ibutho Roundheads.

Esokuqala kweminyaka emibili imiphumela impi kwakungafanele egculisayo ePhalamende. Impumelelo at Marston Moor Kwakuwukunqoba lokuqala Roundheads, kodwa akekho ayengasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi inhlanhla uzoqhubeka ihambisane yezitha zenkosi. IPhalamende ibutho libhekene nenkinga yezinga eliphansi isiyalo, ngoba agcwaliswa ikakhulukazi ngenxa ukubuthela nokuwubuwula, ngubani, phakathi kwezinye izinto, futhi walwa kwalona. Ezinye ukubuthela Sasinukwa kokuba izixhumanisi kanye namanenekazi nokukhaphela.

New imodeli ibutho

IPhalamende e-England wafuna ukuqeda lesi simo esibuhlungu ibutho. Ngakho-ke, ekwindla ka-1644 yokuvota okwenzeka, okuholele ukulawula ibutho single-handedly waya Cromwell. Wayethunywe ukuba afeze kabusha, kantsi lokhu kwakwenziwa ngempumelelo esikhathini esifushane.

ibutho okusha iye yabizwa ngokuthi "i-elisanda ibutho". It sidalwe "Ironsides" imodeli ibutho, okuyinto kusukela ekuqaleni eholwa Cromwell yena. Manje ePhalamende sebutho ajeziswe elibuhlungu (ukuthi akuvumelekile zisebenzisa utshwala, ukudlala amakhadi nokunye. D.). Ngaphezu kwalokho, zako ezisemqoka skeleton steel kwamaPuritan. Kwakuyisikhathi kabusha ngoba ngokuphelele okuphambene YobuKatolika monarchical ka Stuart.

Puritani kwahluka ukuphila okunzima kanye isilinganiso sacral zeBhayibheli. The Army uye kuyinsakavukela kufundwa entsha isampula iVangeli ngaphambi ukulwa nezinye rites amaProthestani.

Ukunqotshwa sokugcina uCharles I

Emva kabusha, Cromwell nebutho lakhe wabhekana novivinyo ebalulekile ukulwa Cavaliers. Juni 14, 1645 esifundeni Northamptonshire labetibambile Battle of Naseby. Cavaliers lahluleka kwasani. Ngemva kwalokho, wobunxiwankulu revolution wokuqala eNgilandi, yayiswa esigabeni esisha. Inkosi ayizange nje ubhujiswe. Roundheads wathatha impahla yakhe futhi ukufinyelela ukuxhumana imfihlo, lapho uKarl Styuart ngokuthi ukusiza isiFulentshi. Kusukela izincwadi kwaba sobala ukuthi le nkosi wayezimisele ngokoqobo ukuthengisa ezweni izifiki ukuze nje nihlale sobukhosi.

Le mibhalo maduze uthole okuningi emphakathini, umphakathi ekugcineni bamhlmuka Karl. Inkosi sokuqala saba ezandleni Scots, ubani ukuba isizumbulu semali wasithengisela British. nkosi Okokuqala wagcinwa etilongweni, kodwa ingakamiswa ngokusemthethweni wagudluzwa. Nge Karl wazama ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni (iPhalamende, Cromwell, abezinye izizwe), anikela izimo ezahlukene ukubuyela amandla. Ngemva waphunyuka ikhamera, bese Waphinda wathunjwa, Isiphelo sakhe kokuvalelwa. Karl Stewart bekulokhu icala futhi bagwetshwa intambo. Ngo-January 30, 1649 wayethethelela anqunywe ikhanda.

Ukuqothula Ukuziqhenya sika wePhalamende

Uma sicabanga inguquko eNgilandi ukungqubuzana Charles nePhalamende, namanje yaphela ngo 1646. Kodwa izazimlando lasakazekela incazelo ebanzi eside, ehlanganisa wonke inkathi isimo engazinzile kwamandla kuleli zwe phakathi kwekhulu XVII. Ngemva kokuba inkosi wahlulwa, zezimpi waqala ePhalamende. imibango ezahlukene washikashikeka amandla, befuna ukuqeda izimbangi.

Isici esiyinhloko ukuthi wabelane Inqubomgomo baba abasonti. EPhalamende, walwa bodwa LaseHabe nezizimele. Lawa kwakungamadodana abameleli ukuthambekela ezahlukene amaProtestani. Disemba 6, 1648 kwakukhona Ukuqothula Ukuziqhenya sika wePalamende. Army wasekela nezizimele nabebandla laseHabe axoshwe. Iphalamende, okuthiwa i-Rump, e 1649 kafushane kusungulwa i-republic.

Impi ne Scots

Ukubolekisa ngezindodla izenzakalo zomlando nemiphumela engalindelekile. Ukugumbuqelwa yokubusa kwamakhosi anda kuphela sezinxushunxushu zobuzwe. Irish kanye Scots Uzame ngempoqo izikhali lethu lithole inkululeko. IPhalamende wathumela ngokumelene nabo impi, wahola-Oliver Cromwell wabuye wavuka. Izizathu inguquko wobunxiwankulu eNgilandi Yayinesikhwanyana futhi sesimweni ngokungalingani abantu abahlukahlukene, inqobo nje uma le mpi engakaze isiphelile, akunakwenzeka ukuqeda ngokuthula. Ngo-1651, ibutho Cromwell sika wahlasela Scots Battle of Worcester futhi uqede umzabalazo wabo ukuzimela.

Ubushiqela of Cromwell

Ngenxa yempumelelo yayo Cromwell waba hhayi kuphela ethandwa, kodwa futhi sezombusazwe abanethonya futhi wakuthola. Ngo 1653, yena yahlakazeka ephalamende wamisa protectorate. Ngamanye amazwi, Cromwell waba umashiqela kuphela. Wathatha isiqu esithi weNkosi uMvikeli eNgilandi, eScotland nase-Ireland.

Cromwell wakwazi kafushane ukunqanda sibonga izwe ukuba izinyathelo zayo ezinzima maqondana nabaphikisi. Eqinisweni, leli zwe lalikhungethwe esimweni impi, okwaholela inguquko wobunxiwankulu eNgilandi. Ithebula ubonisa kanjani ukushintsha amandla kuleli zwe phakathi neminyaka eside kwempi yombango.

Ukuphela protectorate

Ngo 1658, Cromwell wafa typhus. Liqala ukubusa, indodana yakhe Richard, kodwa ingumuntu Kwenzeka okuphambene nalokho kayise nginenhliziyo. Lapho-ke waqala izibhelu neziyaluyalu, izwe Ugcwalise noma yiliphi ithuba elivelayo ezihlukahlukene ababefuna ukugumbuqela umbuso.

izenzakalo zomlando ziye zenzeka ngezindawo. Ngo-May 1659 Richard Kromvel ngokuzithandela esikhundleni, enika izidingo ibutho. Kulezi zimo, izinxushunxushu ePhalamende zaqala ukuxoxa nge indodana ababulawa Charles mina (futhi Carl) ku ukubuyiselwa ohlanga.

Ukubuyiselwa kwamakhosi

Inkosi entsha sibuya ekhaya esekudingisweni. Ngo-1660 waba umbusi esilandelayo uStuart. Yaphela kanjalo-ke lapho kugumbuqelwa umbuso. Nokho, ukubuyiselwa kuye kwasho ukuthi kumelwe absolutism iqedwe. feudalism Old labhujiswa ngokuphelele. Inguquko wobunxiwankulu eNgilandi, ngo okufutshane, kuye kwaholela ukuvela capitalism. Wavumela England (futhi kamuva British) babe okuholela amandla kwezomnotho emhlabeni ekhulwini XIX. Lezo zinto zenziwa yilawa Imiphumela inguquko wobunxiwankulu eNgilandi. Waqala Icebo lika ezimbonini kanye ezesayensi, isibe umcimbi ayinhloko ukuze intuthuko yabo bonke abantu.