Abantu basendulo eRussia. Umlando wombuso kanye Russian abantu

Abantu basendulo e laseRussia aqala emazweni Izindawo futhi obzhivanie eside ngaphambi ukuvelela wekuba sive. Yingakho umuntu wokuqala futhi Grand UMbusi Russia - Rurik - ukubeka omningi umzamo ukwakha isimo esisodwa, unina wezizwe eziningi.

Imizamo yokuqala ukufunda zabantu lasendulo

Isici esiyinhloko we Slavic labantu cwaningo wukuthi kukhona okuqhubekayo ukushayela Dynamics nobudlelwano phakathi yobuhlanga. Kusho ukuthini? Funda izizwe eziyisisekelo Russia, kubalulekile ukuba icubungulisise uphenyo ngalolu daba. Ngokwesibonelo, ukugxila izakhamuzi esifundeni Central, kumelwe banake ubuzwe eziseMpumalanga Yurophu naseSiberia.

Zonke izifundo wesistimu zangaphambi wamavukelambuso igcile abantu abangashadile Russian. Ithonya bezinye izizwe, uma kungekhona ayifakiwe isayensi, ngokungaqondile okukhulunywe ngaye, kodwa hhayi njengoba umbuzo ehola, kodwa njengoba Okusemthethweni. Iqiniso kuphela ezihlukile kwezisemthethweni wukuthi kancane kancane wathela izizwe Finno-Ugric, abantu bomdabu eRussia.

Kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, laseRussia aqala ukubhekwa njengabantu isimo ngokomlando multi-yobuhlanga. Awukwazi ukufihla iqiniso lokuthi izinqumo ezinjalo eziye zenziwa ngaphansi kwethonya ososayensi European. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, waqala ukusakaza imisebenzi abalobi Orthodox, etshela ukuthi abantu bomdabu Russia bayatfutfuka bedle imisuka waseBhayibhelini lasendulo. "Abantu Russian - abantu ukuqashelwa waphezulu umsuka Kyivan lasendulo" - esichazwa ngokuthi indaba omunye nabaholi besonto - A. Nechvolodov. Ngoba kubhekwa ukwakheka amaSkithe Huns nezinye izizwe ngokwehlukana ekhona.

Kwakungenxa zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili, kwaba khona isimo umcabango zomlando, njengendlela ithiyori Eurasia.

Folk imisuka: kwaba kanjani?

emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngaphambi kwenkathi yobuKristu kwakukhona umcimbi omkhulu mlando: insimbi iqala ukuba ngenkuthalo esetshenziswa esikhundleni ngethusi. Yande nsimbi enganikanga kuphela evame ukusetshenziswa impahla eluhlaza, kodwa futhi ngamandla izingcezu ekhiqizwa.

Ngalesi sikhathi kukhona indlu kancane kancane isimo sezulu, ephelezelwa ukwanda ngenani evundile, ezikahle ze izindawo nemfuyo, kuyahlukahluka umsebenzi nezilwanyana ezincane ezikhula ngokuya isikhala amanzi, okuyinto kuba nomphumela omuhle ukubunjwa imifula, amachibi, imifula nokunye.

Njengoba sekunama-nsimbi abantu basendulo babengazi e laseRussia laqala ukukhula kwawo asebenzayo. Izizwe inombolo usebenzisa yensimbi indaba isizinda. Phakathi nale nkathi, libhekene i lasendulo Russian Izindawo okhokho Slavic abantu, Latvians, Estonia, naseLithuania, Finno-Ugric izizwe North-Eastern, kanye nezinye nemiphakathi emincane ayakhe isikhala Central baseRussia naseMpumalanga Yurophu.

«Iron yokuvukela" uye wasiphakamisela ezingeni kwezolimo, uye asheshisa Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi for emasimini, kwakhulula esindayo ensimini umsebenzi tillers. Abantu Russia abamagama engaziwa kumlando, lasendulo kancane kancane waqala ukubonisa izici ehlukile ye mass isiyonke sabantu. Kumiswa isizwe ngasinye ithonywa osodlosti, ukuthuthukiswa nemfuyo kanye nezolimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuyohlala izinhlangothi ezahlukene zomhlaba, izizwe Slavic lidlule yasekhaya olunye ulimi amakhono omakhelwane - meryam, Chud, Karelia, nokunye. Leli qiniso kuchaza inombolo enkulu amagama Estonia imvelaphi Slavic, ezihlobene nokulima indaba ephathwayo.

Lesi sivumelwano sokuqala

I prototypes lokuqala emadolobheni lapho behlala futhi zakha izizwe futhi omdala isimo isiRashiya, yayikhona yokuqala yeminyaka BC. A mkhuba efanayo siyenzeka eNyakatho Yurophu, futhi esifundeni esise-Ural - okubonakalayo umngcele zokuhlala abantu Slavic.

Izinto zokuvala umoya ihlathi expanses nomthelela lapho kubhujiswa lesi tribal yokuphila komphakathi. Manje abantu basendulo eRussia abahlala izinqaba noma okuqinile, okuyinto buthaka kakhulu nokuzwelana kanye nomphakathi omkhulu futhi onamandla. Kancane kancane ophoqelelwe Izindawo lezizwe ukushiya indawo wokuhlala yakhe, futhi kancane kancane ukuhambisa ohlangothini eningizimu-mpumalanga. izinqaba Abandoned nabizelwa amadolobha. Ngenxa imijondolo efana nezakhiwo, umlando eRussia kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo has amaqiniso amaningi ulwazi lwesayensi. manje ososayensi onganquma okufanele ukwenze ekuphileni kwansuku zonke abantu, indlela abakhuliswe ngayo, noma ziyofuna umsebenzi. Ezinsukwini emadolobheni isakhiwo kukhona izimpawu zokuqala babhekane nezinga elikhulu emphakathini.

Limbo Slavic njengoba amaqembu ezinhlanga abahlukene

Ososayensi abaningi banomuzwa wokuthi lwamaSlav e enengini umsuka Indo-European. Ngakho, abantu abaningi lasendulo eRussia ekuqaleni owakhiwe hhayi kuphela insimu ka isimo yesimanje, kodwa futhi ingxenye enkulu eMpumalanga Yurophu nasemazweni eningizimu kuze kufinyelele ENdiya yanamuhla.

Umsuka ezivamile izizwe eziningana unika ngezilimi ezivamile yesimanje. Naphezu ekuqaleni ezahlukene ukuthuthukiswa, ngezilimi emazweni angomakhelwane angaphandle ungathola lenqwaba efanayo, ngaphakathi kokuchaza futhi ukuphinyiselwa okufanele kwamagama. Namuhla ibhekwa njengempophoma lifana Celtic, zamaJalimane, Slavic, Roman, Indian, Iranian, neminye imindeni ulimi.

Nokwenziwa lwamaSlav

Ngenxa primordial uhlanga zazifile kungekho abantu. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka asebenzayo nemizana Slav iphutha nokwenziwa nezinhlanga angomakhelwane nemiphakathi.

On Ubufakazi obengeziwe bokukhathalela umlando State of ubuzwe kanye nabantu Russia bathulile. Kule ndaba, phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, ososayensi, abaholi ukubeka phambili ezihlukahlukene imibono eyayisinesikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, umlobi wezenzakalo lokuqala Nestor ngikholelwa ukuthi abantu Slavic ekuqaleni wahlala emngceleni naseYurophu eMaphakathi neseMpumalanga, futhi phambili kuleli qembu yobuhlanga wathatha iDanube emfuleni umcengezi nge iNhlonhlo Yamazwe AseBalkan.

Ososayensi - abameleli onxiwankulu ukubeka phambili imfundiso yokuziphendukela oyiphutha wokuthi kakhokho lwamaSlav iyingxenye encane Insimu Carpathians.

izizwe Russian kafushane mayelana lwamaSlav we ngenkulungwane yesibili BC

I zo of lwamaSlav lasendulo babekholelwa isizwe enkulu emlandweni esidlule, zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo. Ukuze izikhathi zethu ziye kufika amaqiniso abantu Lokudabuka Slavic kwamiswa ngaphansi kwethonya Antes, le Veneti, Wends, nokunye.

AmaGreki ezikhonjwe insimu lwamaSlav ngendlela elandelayo: entshonalanga - ukuze Elbe; enyakatho - noLwandle iBaltic; eningizimu - ukuze elingaseMfuleni iDanube; empumalanga - kuya Ukudla kanye Oka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lasendulo ngesiGreki abahambi, izihlakaniphi nezazi ososayensi base azigcini lapho idatha. Ngokusho kwabo, izizwe Slavic abahlala eRussia, ungase axazulule le kude eningizimu-mpumalanga ngokusebenzisa enkulu futhi evundile ihlathi-asemaqeleni zone. Kuyindlela okunethezekile zokuphila emahlathini ocebile yezwe, ukuzingela asebenzayo nokudoba, kubutsela amakhambi kanye amajikijolo babe isizathu ukuxubana lwamaSlav Sarmatians.

Ngokusho uHerodotus, eMpumalanga Yurophu wahlala abantu eyaziwa ngokuthi amaSkithe. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, ngaphansi le ncazelo, ukuba singaqondi nje izizwe Slavic, kodwa futhi namanye amaqembu amaningi yobuhlanga.

Abacebile North-Eastern Europe?

Abantu basendulo eRussia azigcini ngisho nokuphathwa kwegama labo abantu imvelaphi Slavic. Okwesibili yisibalo esikhulu sabasebenzi esingakaze nezizwana Izindawo phakathi kwemingcele ezungeze isimo ehlasela iqembu Lithuanian-Latvian.

Lokhu abantu ababeseQenjini izizwe zakwa Finno-Ugric ulimi umkhaya: le Finns, Estonia, iMari, Mordvins nokunye. abantu ongaqondile kazwelonke Russia ayefana ne Slavic izizwe yokuphila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezilimini ezihlobene ziye zaba nomthelela ngenkuthalo ukuze uqinise imiphakathi yobuhlanga esesikhulume ngazo.

Isici esiphawulekayo Latvians naseLithuania kwakuwukuthi isikhathi esiningi nokunakwa banikelela ihhashi yokuzalanisa kuka ezolimo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo yayakhiwe okunokwethenjelwa nemizana-zokuhlala. Sibheka izindaba lezihambi, uHerodotus ngokuthi iqembu Lithuanian-Latvian Tissagets.

Rus sidilizwa: AmaSkithe Sarmatians

Omunye abameleli ambalwa umndeni ulimi Iranian, kusale kuphela trace emlandweni, kukhona AmaSkithe Sarmatians. Kucatshangwa laba bantu matasa insimu ka eningizimu yeRussia kuze kufinyelele e-Altai.

umphakathi umSkithe futhi Sarmatian inezici eziningi ezifanayo nezinye izizwe, kodwa ungalokothi babe isiqalo olulodwa zezombusazwe. Ngisho ngekhulu lesihlanu BC ensimini sezizwe zakwa sokuxazulula iphutha babhekane nezinga elikhulu kwezenhlalo, futhi baqhuba izimpi ukunqotshwa. Kancane kancane amaSkithe benqoba izizwe Black Sea, eyihambile kuya Balkans, nase-Asiya, Transcaucasia.

Amazing legends ukuya ingcebo amaSkithe. Emadlizeni aboyisemkhulu pawned isamba Amazing igolide. Ngakho-ke, singaba ukulandelela impela babhekane nezinga elikhulu enamandla umphakathi, kanye namandla isigaba elite.

Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi amaSkithe zahlukaniswa eziningana amaqembu-izizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, empumalanga esigodini Dnieper wahlala ayimizulane ukushintshashintsha yobuhlanga yena, ohlangothini olusentshonalanga lomfula eyayihlala AmaSkithe-abalimi. Ngo iqembu ahlukene labelwe Royal amaSkithe uhambo phakathi Dnieper futhi aphansi Don. lapha kuphela ungathola abacebe yokungcwaba izindunduma futhi isiphetho ebiyelweyo enamandla.

Umlando Russia kusukela endulo futhi ihlinzeka Izinyunyana Akumangalisi ashukumisayo ezizweni zamaSkithe-Sarmatian. Kancane kancane ekubumbaneni enjalo emenza isimo uhlelo senceku. Isimo sokuqala ukuthi ubuzwe kwamiswa izizwe-Sindhi, elinye - ngenxa ye kwakunenqaba yabaseThrace Izimpi.

kwamiswa eziqine isimo umSkithe ngowesithathu BC leminyaka, laliyisikhungo eCrimea. Indawo Simferopol elise protagonist yesimanje ezinganekwaneni - edolobheni enegama elihle laseNaples - inhloko-dolobha yombuso umSkithe. Yayiyisikhungo enamandla, zaqiniswa kwezindonga zamatshe futhi ifakwe isitoreji omkhulu okusanhlamvu.

AmaSkithe kokubili wahlanganyela wezolimo, ukukhokhela ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ukuze yisabelo nemfuyo. Esikhathini BC Ekhulwini lokuqala, izizwana ayenziwa imisebenzi izikebhe. isiko Bright engavamile amaSkithe namanje lafundvwako ososayensi-mlando. Lokhu kwanika abantu bendawo imibono imidwebo, izinto eziqoshwe ngamathambo ezindlovu kanye nezinye okudaliwe kwezobuciko. Kuze kube manje, Museum igcinwe Echoes zokuphila lasendulo.

Kukhona umbono ukuthi izizwe AmaSkithe asisekho ngokuphelele off the imephu. Ukuba khona umphakathi inceku crisis kusobala, kodwa kakhulu zonke izizwe zakwa lenqaba amathuba nokwenziwa. Leli qiniso ekutshela umsuka amazwi amaningi yolimi lwanamuhla Russian. Uma Slavic kudliwe "inja", kanye le nkulumo isetshenziswa Scytho-Iran "inja"; Common lwamaSlav "ezinhle" okulingana umSkithe-Sarmatian "ezinhle" nokunye.

Akubalulekile ukuba sicabangele amaSkithe inzalo ngqo abantu Slavic Nokho, Echoes of isiko emangalisayo lasendulo isekhona.

Black Sea coast: izimpande Greek

Nations ezazikhona ensimini ka ogwini Black Sea, namakhulu ambalwa eminyaka ngemva ngaphambi kwesikhathi sethu esivamile zishaqwe yi-Greek lomphangi squads. Sekungamashumi eminyaka INcwadi Yonyaka lapho baye basungula lizisho nge isiko yamaGreki asendulo. Egoqekayo ubuhlobo senceku.

ERussia yasendulo wafunda omningi isipiliyoni oyigugu ukuphila ngesiGreki. Ngokukhethekile athuthukile kule ngxenye isimo babe ukulima, ukudoba nenhlanzi usawoti, iwayini, ukolo ukucutshungulwa, amazwe kusuka ezweni umSkithe. Ukubhebhetheka nokuduma yazuza izikebhe sobumba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuhlangenwe nakho iye ziphindaphindwe ukuhweba nalo phesheya. umhlobiso ngesiGreki Okuyigugu yawela ukusetshenziswa amakhosi umSkithe neyaziwayo kanye imithombo yendawo.

City, kwakheka kwi insimu ezwe elaliyi-Greek lizisho, sebekhiphe ezingeni lelisetulu amasiko abantu. amasonto ezingenakubalwa, yeshashalazi, ukubaza kanye imidwebo ehlotshisiwe ezimpilweni zansuku zonke namaGreki. Kancane kancane, lo umuzi ogcwele izizwe ngowezizwe, ngubani, Isimanga siwukuthi, lo ohlonishwa isiko lwesiGreki sakuqala, olondolozela izikhumbuzo yobuciko, kanye ukutadisha emibhalweni zefilosofi.

Ancient labantu Russian: nezizwe zala Bosporan Kingdom

Northern Black Sea Coast ekuqaleni ukuthuthukiswa sekhulu lesihlanu BC. Lapha-ke kwakhiwa isimo senceku kuphela ezinkulu ngaphansi igama Bosporus - Kerch yesimanje. Okukhulu wezombangazwe eyathatha amakhulu eminyaka 9 kuphela, ngemva kwalokho ngekhulu lesine BC, labhujiswa Huns.

Kufakwe nabantu ngesiGreki yoLwandle Northern Black kancane kancane ixazululwe eNhlonhlweni Kerch, sifinyelela engezansi Don. Bathatha kanye Peninsula Taman. ukuthuthukiswa Active abantu okukhulunywa ngabo esempumalanga isimo, kusukela inyunyana zezizwe kancane kancane izikhulu esikhethekile Izicukuthwane, ngubani baxhumene abameleli ocebile sabantu ngesiGreki.

Umfutho lokuqala kuya ekubhujisweni isimo kwaba ukuvukela inceku eholwa Savmak. Ngalesi sikhathi Rus sidilizwa wagcwala ngokwahlukana nokuvukela. Kancane kancane, esifundeni Black Sea ubanjiwe ngokuphelele Getae futhi Sarmatians, kamuva babhujiswe cishe ngokuphelele.

Ukwakhiwa yomlando ocebile Russian Russia yesimanje awuzange kuphela kuthonywa abantu abahlala esifundeni Central. Futhi kwakufanele nomthelela bezinye izizwe. Kuze kube manje, akunakwenzeka ukuba ncamashi ukunquma ukuthi lwamaSlav abangu asathuthuka abantu abo noma ekwakhekeni yabo singehlela noma ubani kulo kwabavela ngaphandle. Lo mbuzo yakhelwe ukuvumela isayensi zomlando wanamuhla.