Amathuluzi okuxhumana, umlando, amaqiniso

Ukuthuthukiswa isintu akukaze kwenzeke ngokulinganayo, kwaba nezikhathi yokujama tsi futhi ngempumelelo zobuchwepheshe. Ngokufanayo, indaba savela futhi izindlela kolwazi yokudlulisela. Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo nokwatholakala kulo mkhakha ngokulandelana kwazo ngokomlando okwethulwa kulesi sihloko. Akukholeki okuthile ngaphandle umphakathi wanamuhla namuhla ukhona, isintu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili kubhekwa engenakwenzeka futhi kumnandi, futhi ngokuvamile aluhlaza cwe.

Njengoba sekuzoqala

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo impela ukuba inkathi esikuyo isintu ngenkuthalo esetshenziswa umsindo nokukhanya njengoba iyindlela eyinhloko yokuthutha yokudlulisa ulwazi, umlando ukusetshenziswa kwazo yeminyaka. Ngaphezu imisindo ehlukahlukene ngawo ithu yisidala gogo bexwayisa ngezingozi esizwe noma wababizela yokuzingela, ukukhanya futhi kwaba ithuba ukuletha imilayezo ebalulekile olude. Ngenxa yale njongo, i-signal imililo, izimbaqa, nemikhonto evutha, imicibisholo, namanye amadivayisi. Duzane nemizana ezindaweni esakhiwe umlilo isignali ingozi awukuthelelwanga abantu lingaqaphile. A ezihlukahlukene ulwazi okumele lidlule, okuholela ukusetshenziswa uhlobo oluthile ikhodi nasekusekeleni izakhi lobuchwepheshe kwemisindo njengama izigubhu amakhwelo, gongs, izimpondo kanye nezinye izilwane.

Ukusebenzisa ikhodi kolwandle njengoba sibonelo we yocingo

Special ukuthuthukiswa esephepheni ithole kukushukumisele phakathi kwamanzi. Lapho umuntu wokuqala waya olwandle, amabhikhoni kuqala. AmaGreki asendulo nge inhlanganisela ethile izimbaqa lidlule imiyalezo ifunde ukupela amagama. Futhi olwandle zisebenza ezahlukene ukuma isignali umbala amafulegi. Ngakho, kwaba khona into okuthiwa semaphore uma usebenzisa ekhethekile amalungiselelo amafulegi noma izibani babeyozala imilayezo ehlukene. Lawa kwakungamadodana imizamo ngowokuqala wiring. Kamuva, kwakukhona ezicitshwayo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umlando ukuthuthukiswa esebenzisa ulwazi ukudluliswa akuyona esikhundleni, futhi kusukela ezikhathini bakudala kwakubikwa kwemvelo Amazing, lezi zindlela zokuxhumana emazweni amaningi futhi izici zokuphila Namanje hhayi elahlekile ukubaluleka kwabo.

Eyokuqala esebenzisa ulwazi ukugcina

Nokho, abantu babekhathazeke hhayi kuphela esebenzisa ulwazi ngegciwane lesandulela ngculaza. Umlando wesitoreji yayo futhi itholakala ngokuba sibuyele emuva ekuqaleni kwesikhathi. Isibonelo salokhu kukhona imidwebo emhumeni emihumeni ahlukahlukene lasendulo, ngoba sibonga kubo kungabonwa ezinye izici zokuphila ezikhathini zasendulo. Izindlela ukugcina, okuqoshiwe kanye ukugcinwa kolwazi ziye zashintsha futhi zithathelwe indawo imidwebo nasemihumeni kwavela umbhalo we-cuneiform ithrekhi - hieroglyphs, futhi ekugcineni ngokubhala. Singasho ukuthi kusukela kulo mzuzwana iqala indaba ukudalwa esebenzisa yokudlulisa ulwazi embulungeni yonke.

Ukusungulwa kwe-nombhalo kwakuwumbhalo lokuqala Imininingwane revolution umlando wesintu, ngoba ithuba ukuqoqa, usabalalise futhi udlulise lo ulwazi ukuze isizukulwane esilandelayo. Ukubhala wanika yisisusa esinamandla ekuthuthukiseni amasiko nezomnotho yezimpucuko eziye kahle phambi kwabanye. Ekhulwini XVI, ukunyathelisa yasungulwa, owawungumnyaka igagasi elisha inguquko ulwazi. Manje ungakwazi ukugcina ulwazi omningi, futhi sekuyinto kufinyeleleke kakhulu, ngakho ukuthi umqondo welithi "lwati" luye lwaba zisabalele. Lena osemqoka kakhulu emlandweni impucuko womuntu, ngoba izincwadi laba impahla yabantwana izwe hhayi oyedwa kuphela, kodwa futhi emhlabeni wonke.

Thumela umlayezo

Imeyili njengendlela yokuxhumana kusho esetshenziswa ngaphambi kokuba uqale okusungulile ngokubhala. Lezi zithunywa ekuqaleni lidlule imibiko ngomlomo. Nokho, nge obhekwe kungenzeka ukubhala umlayezo kulolu hlobo zokuxhumana usuthandwa nakakhulu. Izithunywa zeposi, ekuqaleni ngezinyawo, kamuva - ihhashi. Ngo yamandulo athuthukile iye ezimisiwe ngeposi ngesisekelo edluliselwe. Isevisi lokuqala leposi umsuka eGibhithe lasendulo nalapho eMesophothamiya. Basuke ikakhulukazi isetshenziselwe izinjongo wezempi. WaseGibhithe uhlelo leposi kwaba ngomunye wabokuqala sezihambile, lapho amaGibhithe ekubona liqala usebenzisa yenethiwekhi amajuba. Esikhathini esizayo, i-imeyili yaqala ukusakaza ukuba nakwezinye izizwe.

Ukuthuthukiswa yocingo

Umlando ukuthuthukiswa kwendlela yokuxhumana ngempela ngokwemvelo iqala nge yocingo. Samuntu lokuqala cabling, okuyinto yasungulwa futhi Demokrit Kleoksen (ifilosofi yamaGreki) kwaba ukuvuleka, okwakubekelwa eshiwo ngenhla. Nokho, akazange ukubamba, futhi imizamo kokusungulwa izinhlobo ezintsha wiring uhlaziyo nezazi ezihlukahlukene kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVII.

Ngo 1793 yasungulwa yocingo optical, okuyinto umqondo ngokuyinhloko entsha, kungaphumeleli ngesisekelo ukukhanya. Nokho, kwakudingeka izindlela ezintsha ukuze uthumele esiningi ulwazi. Futhi kuphela sibonga kokutholakala amagagasi kagesi uvele lolu hlobo nokuxhumana nabantu abakude, njengoba yocingo kagesi. Kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yasungulwa i amadivayisi electrostatic futhi electrochemical.

IElectromagnetic yocingo Ukudayela uhlobo uvele 1832 ngenxa yemizamo usosayensi Russian PL Schilling futhi electromechanical yomthetho ngo-1840 USamuel Morse, ngokunengqondo, ubani owavela ikhodi ekhethekile telegram. Ngo-1939, B. S. Jacobi owasungula le ngokubhala kuqala, futhi ngo-1850 godu - teleprinter kuqala.

Ifoni ngenxa yomuzwa engavamile

Kube sekulandela ukubukeka ifoni yakho njengemodemu izindlela ezintsha ngokudlulisa ulwazi. Indaba iqala yakhe kusukela 1837, lapho Charles Page, i nososayensi waseMelika, eklanyelwe "wire elalimbelesele" - sibonelo ikusasa ifoni. Okuningi okufushane eseduze ezidalwe 1860 uthisha wesikole samabanga physics evela eJalimane Philipp Reis. Kodwa divayisi adlulisa kuphela imisindo ngabanye uhlanekezelwe. Ekhaya Reis okusungulile is awaziswa, waya e-United, lapho eboshwa ngecala nodokotela-mbumbulu, ngoba baseMelika babeqiniseka ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento izwi phezu izintambo. Kodwa umdali ikusasa ngowokuqala A. ifoni yangempela G. Bell, uthisha esikoleni izithulu, safike bajwayelane umsebenzi Reis. Wayefuna ukwakha on ngesisekelo yayo apharathasi imisindvo yaphenduka amasignali ukukhanya, ukufundisa izingane eziyizithulu ukukhuluma. Ngenxa yalokho, indlela okungahleliwe ngokuphelele, wadala futhi enelungelo lobunikazi ifoni yakhe Februwari 14, 1876. Ngokusho Bell ngokwayo, wakwazi ukwakha thuluzi nje ngoba akazi ukuthi imithetho Ihluzo Elingafaki Ukuqoka. "Ucezulwendlebe Bella" - prototype zedivayisi ajwayelekile kithi - yadalwa ngo-1878.

Ukudalwa umsakazo njengendlela yokuthola ulwazi ngegciwane lesandulela ngculaza. Umlando zokuxhumana ezingenazo izintambo lezisekelo

American uMahaloni Loomis esethula sibonelo wokuqala isixhumanisi engenawaya 1868, ubude bayo babuyizingalo mayelana 22 km. Lokho wayebheka kungenzeka ngokubhekelela ukusungula yangempela engenantambo ngamazwe, inqobo nje uma isintu uzokwazi ufunde indlela yokusebenzisa ugesi emkhathini. Loomis wathi phezu airwaves, ukuba khona lapho kwaqinisekiswa Genrihom Gertsem kuphela emva kweminyaka engu-19.

Loomis imibono bafakwa umkhuba A. S. Popovym, ezahlela umsakazo wokuqala emhlabeni, izingqondo Academic Petersburg University Apreli 25, 1895 (Old Style 7 Meyi). A Meyi 24, 1896 kwaba khona ukudluliswa umyalezo umsakazo wokuqala umbhalo emhlabeni elinabantu amagama amabili "Genrih Gerts". Kwakuyisikhathi intela ukuvulwa Popov olukhulu usosayensi German. By the way, umqondo ngokusebenzisa ukuxhumana okungenawaya imikhumbi ezisebenza ukudlulisa imiyalezo nokucindezeleka aphakanyisiwe ke Popov.

I ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XIX kwaba wesithathu wave enkulu inguquko ulwazi, ngoba sekungenzeka ukudlulisa idatha phezu kwanoma ibanga ngokusebenzisa yocingo, ucingo kanye nomsakazo.

TV satellite

Meyi 9, 1911 usosayensi Russian B. L. Rozing okokuqala wabonisa isithombe yomphakathi alula ingcebo izibalo ethulwa esikrinini CRT. American Charlz Dzhekins ngo-1923 eyenziwa ukudluliswa yesithombe ihamba. Kodwa lezi zinto zazingeyona izibonelo ithelevishini lokukhanda. Nokho, kuphela ngo-1928 abasunguli I. F. Belyansky noB P. Grabovsky waba ezihambayo image ukudluliswa nakho ngokusebenzisa le cathode ray tube, okuyinto kubhekwa kwasungulwa ithelevishini yesimanje. I iconoscope okusungulile ngo-1931 kuye kwasusa umgoqo ukufeza isithombe libukhali. Kusukela ngo-1934, i-TV esiteshini German DRF kwakungokokuqala ngqá emlandweni ukusakaza njalo ithelevishini electronic. Kusukela ngo-1936 ephezulu definition TV ubonakele e-UK, futhi ngo-1938 i-ithelevishini yezokusakaza njalo waqala eSoviet Union.

Kusukela maphakathi nawo-lamashumi amabili isitoreji umlando ekhulwini kusho, ukuwudlulisa ukucutshungulwa kolwazi wathola emzuliswaneni omusha yiRefa. I-satellite umqondo wethulwa 1945 by eyiNgisi Arturom Klarkom, futhi kakade Okthoba 4, 1957 eSoviet Union ngosizo rocket yenethiwekhi umkhankaso wokuqala yokufakelwa Earth satellite. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi waqala engu isikhala ekukhuleni komphakathi. Sputnik kwaba into yokuqala cosmic ngolwazi okuyinto sathathwa Emhlabeni. I isathelayithi lokuqala isanda abangaphezu kwengxenye imitha ububanzi futhi kuhlaziywe kg 83 kuphela. Esikhathini esizayo, uhlelo satellite ithole ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu, futhi yayisetshenziselwa ezinhlakeni ezahlukene umsebenzi womuntu: ithelevishini edluliselwe, umsakazo navigation nabanye.

Umlando yamuva yokudlulisela idatha izindlela

Ukwakha, ukuxhumana kwamangqamuzana, fiber-optic zokuxhumana imigqa - zonke izinyathelo yekwakha inethiwekhi yezokuxhumana kwembulunga yonke. Ukudala ikhompyutha wayeyinduna evelele, kodwa isinyathelo Lesisemkhatsini. Lokho izinhlelo sekhompiyutha ezisekelwe baye yashintsha izindlela yokudlulisela ulwazi. zokuxhumana Digital wenze izinguquko, ngenxa okuyinto ulwazi isibe eyamsiza emphakathini wanamuhla. Uxhumano ngilinqobile izwe futhi babe ingxenye ebalulekile yonke imikhakha yayo: ezombusazwe, imfundo, ubuciko kanye nezimboni. Ububanzi kwendawo abangu anyakaza ngoba kweso inethiwekhi uxhuma abantu abaku izingongolo okuphambene iplanethi e indaba ngemizuzwana. Lesi yisinyathelo enkulu ekuthuthukiseni izindlela yokudlulisela idatha.