Gostiny Dvor eRussia. UMbukiso Gostiny Dvor

Gostiny Dvor Russia, kanye zonke ukuhweba, banomlando ngokuphawulekayo ngemvelaphi nokuthuthuka. Ifomu bokuqala enana kwaba "ukuhweba buthule", eyayihlanganisa eqinisweni lokuthi abahlanganyeli kule kuthengiselana akazange nazo nomunye. "Ukuhweba Ungathuli" ifanela abantu abaningi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, labo bonke, kodwa abukho ubufakazi zomlando ukhona ngempela insimu yase Russia. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala ubudlelwane ukuhweba eRussia kukhona 8-9 eminyaka.

Eyokuqala eRussia Izitolo

Ngesinye isikhathi esiyinhloko sezitolo kwaba Kiev, sise ekupheleni mfula. Bona zathuthelekela lapha zonke izimpahla ezazifunwa bonke abadayisi, kuhlanganise nabathandekayo angaphandle. Area, lapho kwakukhona Mart, baba emaphakathi. Lapha wafuna izakhamuzi zedolobha, hhayi kuphela ngoba izimpahla, kodwa futhi ukufunda izindaba, exchange imibono, ubukele ukusebenza buffoons ngokuvakashela. Market Square eyavela kamuva lokuqala Gostiny Dvor, okuyilokho, eqinisweni, kukhona lawo magceke ukuze bathole isitoreji kwezimpahla. Esikhathini esizayo, baye njalo yayikhona side by side - a Arcade yezitolo futhi Gostiny Dvor.

Okudingekayo ukuze ukuvela Gostiny Dvor

Ngo Novgorod, lapho othathe isikhundla okuholela isikhungo sezentengiselwano nezomnotho emva Kiev agugile, ukuyothenga izindawo zibukeka ezikhethekile uchungechunge olunjalo Vetoshny, ukudoba noma ukudoba. Esikhathini XII leminyaka isikhungo, enika ukuhweba konke - imali, isiqondiso, ukukala kanye nesisindo, kuba eMoscow. Gostiny Dvor ayikakalweseki khona, ngokwengxenye indima yabo Kwenziwa yesonto, sikhona lapho ku isikwele - egumbini elingaphansi nezimpahla zabo ezigciniwe emnyango, bathi zilinganiswa nguye. E-Moscow, ukuthi isikhathi eziningi ezitolo, kodwa kuzo zonke izici wawungaphansi yimigwaqo kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. ubungako bawo elincane ngqo walandisa imisebenzi kanye nokukhokha intela. Uhwebo enobudlova kakhulu eMoscow ngo XIV-XV eminyaka kwenziwa eduze UMfula iMoscow ibhuloho. Insimu usesikhundleni omkhulu - lapha kwakungamadodana esiphansi, esiphakathi imigqa engenhla futhi eziningi izitolo ezincane kakhulu kancane.

Amadlozi Gostiny Dvor

Moscow ashisiwe izikhathi eziningana, futhi ngemva umlilo 1493 evicted kusukela ezibiyele, abathengisi ubanikeze insimu sekusasa Red Square. Lapha e-Ilyinsky sacrum (lapho kwakuphambana khona imigwaqo yezitolo impahla lwenziwe ikakhulukazi esebenzayo) ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVI futhi lakhiwa lokuqala eRussia lokhuni Gostiny Dvor. IMoscow yayingenye umsunguli isakhiwo ehhotela. Ngaphezu abahlala kuwo esekude abathengisi efika ensimini ka egcekeni has a ishede ukugcina izimpahla ezitolo ngoba wholesale - okudayisa endaweni kwamakhotho commercial awuzange eyenziwa neze. Ekuqaleni, Gostiny Dvor ababenamakhono okwakha ayo ethize. Isidingo kubo Kwavuka okwandisa izindlela zokuhwebelana namanye izifunda kanye namazwe. Ngakho-ke, endaweni inkantolo ngokushesha eyakhelwe amasiko. Yards kuvame esakhiwe, ikhumbula izici kazwelonke abathengisi.

khona angaphandle

Ngakho, ngo-eziyinxanxathela ezinkulu Russia (eMoscow, Novgorod, Arkhangelsk, Tula) baye osekunesikhathi Dutch nesiJalimane ukuhweba ngamamitha, "anglitsky" Armenia futhi Jewish nesiGreki. Kwaba uhlobo enjalo izindawo ezinezivikelo eziqinile - endaweni wahlabeka sibahlanu, sizungezwe uthango eqinile, ticongotekulindza babe ngempela ngoba izimpahla babebaningi, kuye kwadingeka ukuba avikelwe. Egcekeni izindawo eziqhutshwa simiso izimali nezintela, okuyilokho, eqinisweni, olwenziwa ngcono zabo nokudlondlobala.

iyunithi Independent kwesakhiwo

Ukuze ahambisane nabantu izimpahla zokuhlala eyakhelwe - umthengisi izindlu, imali for the yokuhlala eyayintula indlela umahluko - polavochnaya futhi izbnaya. Lezi zikhungo yezitolo yayakhiwa isimiso esifanayo: kwakufanele igxile zonke idingekile ukuze uhwebo lwezitolo e eziningi ezinkulu. In the isikhungo, yebo, bazinza endaweni ne izikhungo ezisemthethweni, emelela amandla edolobheni, okungukuthi amasiko. Iphinde ibekwe futhi "ezibaluleke" - ebaleni lokudlala ezinesisindo. Coaching endlini, bathhouse, pub, Tavern (izindawo kuphoqelekile emzimbeni nasemphefumulweni), ihhashi izinqolobane ezakhiwa kakhudlwana ezicijile. Amaningi ala masimu elalihlala izinqolobane egcekeni - emafektri ukugcina izimpahla.

I ngokucacile bokwakha

Bakhandwa embozwe igalari emafektri olulodwa, futhi zazakhiwe ikakhulukazi endaweni azungezwe, yekuniketa Arcade noma, ngezikhathi ezithile, emphemeni (Kostroma egcekeni). Ngokuvamile, zemibukiso, izitolo sihlanganise nezinqolobane zakhiwa zaba sesibili. Kwakukhona amazinga ukwakhiwa. Ngokwesibonelo, usayizi ebhentshini ifinyelela ngamamitha amabili ubude, polulavka ngokwemvelo kwaba kabili kancane. Nokho, Sekube kokuhamba Ubukhulu esungulwe - lokhu kwakubangelwa ngqo izimpahla ezithile. Iziqukathi emafektri injongo yayo uzigcinile kube yilolu suku - kwaba ibhoksi "tote enkulu" noma "nosiltsy". Izinto ezifana amabhuzu, waqhubeka ibha nesithupha. Ngezinye izikhathi umuntu igumbi wabe abathengisi ezimbalwa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi yibhece inikezwe wonke egcekeni zihlalo. Moscow, Novgorod futhi Tula uyazi izibonelo ezinjalo.

Imisebenzi njengoba isisekelo sokwanda okwengeziwe

Wiper akufanele kuphela ehlanzekile kahle - bona bakhokhise izinqolobane operation (yayithola okusanhlamvu okuningi), yonke indawo (izbnye) kanye polavochnye izintela wena. Kwakukhona nezinye izinhlobo imisebenzi - kungathatha isihe kohlobo oluthile izimali noma nokuhwebelana isihlibhi noma emkhunjini ukukhokha "turning iqoqo." Ngokwethulwa izinkantolo commercial bonke abathengisi ziye zaphoqeleka ukuba nihlale kuzo, yebo, uma akazange abe siqu isikhala sabo okudayisa edolobheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho ukuqaliswa izimpahla kwenzeke, uma kungenziwanga oyithenge ngenqwaba ukuthutha okwalandela, yezitolo, lapho wakhululwa izinqolobane of Gostiny Dvor.

indlela umahluko

Special khona abantu bakwamanye amazwe imithetho zokuhweba. Ngakho, ekhulwini xv e abathengisi Novgorod German bavunyelwa kuphela ngonyaka kabili, ku isikhathi kahle ichazwe ukuletha izimpahla. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, izikhulu wema unogada phezu izithakazelo kubakhiqizi bendawo. Kulezi zindawo kwamakhotho namanye amazwe, kanye namanxusa, eziqhutshwa imithetho yayo siqu, futhi iNkosi Novgorod yayingenalo ilungelo lokuthola yokungenela. Kodwa (mhlawumbe) ukwazi abathengisi bendawo futhi abangu ngandlela-thile bajwayelane imikhiqizo, ikakhulukazi ukushintshwa yabo entsha, lokhu kwakufanele kube nentshisekelo Gostiny Dvor. Sikhungo noma ezinye amasampula kuzofuneka ukuthi akhona ku insimu yalo, esekelwe okuyinto iyokwenzeka kulandela okwenziwayo.

Omunye izimboni eyisisekelo

Trade Ephakathi - kuba umkhakha omkhulu okungukuthi ukuphathiswa nakwezombusazwe, namasiko futhi imisebenzi yezithunywa zevangeli. Gostiny Dvor Republic Genoa, okuyinto, isimiso, bekulokhu platform Ukuhweba global abathengisi German-Dutch, isihloko imidwebo eminingi abaculi nemisebenzi yobuciko. Tsar yethu Saltan kuphela wabheka olwandle imikhumbi yezohwebo, ukufunda "Kulungile eh il kwezilwandle esibi, futhi yini emhlabeni isimangaliso." Ngenxa yalezi imigqa, ungakwazi ahlulele ukubaluleka abathengisi (bamukele yinkosi) kanye ukuhweba bebonke. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi wabekela namuhla kwi insimu yezwe lethu walondoloza izikhungo commercial wasendulo yalolu hlobo. Ababona izikhumbuzo emlandweni futhi yokwakha kuphela, kodwa futhi ibe yinhle edolobheni. Kubandakanya "ukunambitheka endala" Muva nje, ngendlela. Futhi indlela yokushisekela izwe, ekhangayo futhi win-win sibala elikhulu lesimanje yezitolo nokuzijabulisa eziyinkimbinkimbi "Gostiny Dvor"! Tula - edolobheni lapho kukhona isikhungo ezinjalo.

interconnection eminyaka

Lesi sikhungo ziyaphawuleka, ngomdlandla okubuyayo ungezwakala kaningi. Ezweni kukhona boom isakhiwo phezu eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Manje yakhiwe eziningi original, izakhiwo okungezona ezijwayelekile ukufeza izinhloso ezehlukene. Kodwa yesimanje egcekeni zihlalo e Tula wakwazi ivelele nalemvelaphi. Njengoba ezikhathini zasendulo, ukuyothenga izindawo baye iyona nto eyinhloko ekuphileni dolobha, nendawo ababengaqhubela kuyo ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabo kwamasiko kanye kwansuku ebesifuna bonke abantu bakuleli dolobha, futhi namuhla neziphathimandla zedolobha wakwazi ukwakha isikhungo ezingaba nentshisekelo tulchan, bophezela them hamba izindonga emizini yabo futhi uvakashele ngasizathu simbe, "Gostiny Dvor". Tula iminyaka emibili njengoba enkulu kugujwa kuvulwa grand yezitolo nokuzijabulisa eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuyinto, eqinisweni, idolobha isakhiwo ayo. Ngaphezu 150 izitolo, 6-screen cinema, amathilomu eziningi nezindawo zokudlela, ukuzivocavoca, ukuqina izikhungo, ubuhle salon, lapho kunikezwe lawo magceke ukuze bathole ukubhaliswa kwemishado ne ukuziphatha zemishado okwalandela. Konke okudingekayo ukuze umuntu wesimanje, anganikeza Tula "Gostiny Dvor". Imibukiso esiqhutshwa kuwo wonke izikhungo ezifana ahlelwe nehholo elihle embukisweni.

I ovelele kakhulu ezweni labaphilayo egcekeni

Yiqiniso, ngisho ukwahlulela ngegama, ewufanele amazwi ekhethekile "Big Gostiny Dvor", isikhumbuzo yomlando Russian kanye izakhiwo kwekhulu XVIII, ngaphansi kwesivikelo UNESCO. Wakhulelwa ngisho ngaphansi Elizabeth, ke yakhiwa Rastrelli esinqumweni 1758 kwi "iqolo" ka saseNevsky Prospekt futhi Sadovaya Street. Emafektri nezitolo, ezakhiwe abathengisi, bekumele ngibanike okufanayo phakade ilungelo ukudluliswa ngofuzo, ngoba izimali ukwakhiwa Kwakuhlelwe ukuba lusebenze ngezithukuthuku abathengisi, kodwa ekuqaleni komsebenzi, wonke imisiwe, futhi ekugcineni iphrojekthi ngokwayo sinqatshelwe.

Ukwakhiwa owenziwa Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe. Lo mbuso waqhubeka ubusa kusuka 1761 kuya 1785. Kusukela yaqala ukuba khona, esikhulu zihlalo egcekeni waqala ukudlala indima esisemqoka ekuqinisekiseni impilo Petersburg. Kuye, njengoba ekhethekile Northern dolobha ndawo, wabiza wokuqala wabanjelwa igesi ukukhanyisa. Kuyo yonke iminyaka engu khona kwathiwa ngokuphindaphindiwe abuyiselwe, futhi ukukhanda kanye nokubuyiselwa ngu okungcono abaculi, restorers futhi abaklami njengoba Tsarist futhi Soviet Russia. Esikhathini 1886-1887 sika, NL Benoit abuyiselwe Gostiny Dvor.

Petersburg ikakhulukazi uyaziqhenya lesi sakhiwo futhi ebhishi. Ezinsukwini ukuvinjezelwa yakhe kuqashelwe kanye nabanye izakhiwo zenkolo inhlokodolobha Northern. Eminyakeni 1945-1948 Gostiny Dvor wabuyiselwa futhi libhekwa njengenkondlo lesikhumbuzo yezakhiwo. Ngemva kulungiswe esilandelayo, eyenziwa eminyakeni 1955-1967, 167 izitolo ngamanye ezazikhona endaweni kwakhe okungenamkhawulo, wahlanganyela kulolo umnyango emaphakathi lomuzi ngokuthi "Gostiny Dvor". Ngoba bonke zokulungisa isakhiwo abangu ehlotshisiwe - the ngokucebile ukuhlotshiswa nomnyango main, wabe esenezela entsha amafasitela namabala nengilazi nemithombo. Kusukela ngo-1994, esitolo mnyango baba inkampani isitokwe ngokuhlanganyela, futhi isakhiwo manje kungokwalabo Ministry of Culture.

Petersburgers kakhulu othanda futhi uyaziqhenya zabo "ehostela." indawo Its kulezizinsuku ibekwe nje kuphela zonke izinhlobo zezitolo, okuyinto nsuku zonke wavakashelwa amakhasimende afinyelela ku-300 000 ezivela emhlabeni wonke, kodwa futhi ekhaya nemfashini, futhi izindawo kakhulu ekukhombisa ziphephile ahlukahlukene. UMbukiso Gostiny Dvor namuhla kuzwakala njengento eyenzeka kalula - kahle, lapho engekho?