Ababagqilazayo abalimi izigaba futhi izici zabo

Lapho Russian Tsar Ivan amabutho Okwesithathu eziyisisekelo isimo abangu esihloselwe "kubutsela emazweni Russian" azungeze eMoscow, ngokusho ukukhululwa kusukela khans we zidlamlilo. On izwe enamathiselwe letidzingeka ekusunguleni izinqubo ukusetshenziswa yabo, okwaphumela ibe wendawo ohlelweni ubunikazi bomhlaba. Ngokusho kwakhe, izwe isimo wadluliswa servitor ukusetshenziswa yesikhashana noma ukuphila njengoba kokhelo inkonzo futhi umthombo engenayo. kwakhiwa Ngakho amabutho Local. On amazwe kulendawo esanda kubalwa ukuba 1497 wasebenza namanje abalimi kuqhathaniswa yokuzithandela, owayenganikela ukuhambisa kusuka "umqashi" eyodwa kuya kwenye komzamo, kokwenza ukukhokhiswa ukusetshenziswa ezindlu kanye nomhlaba kanye nekunika bonke kweletu.

Ezolimo ungakuvumeli ukuba ukunyakaza njalo

Kwakulapho kuze 1497 ababagqilazayo abalimi? Izigaba umjikelezo wezolimo empeleni ongazange neqhaza ukunyakaza asebenzayo abalimi kusuka kwesigaba esisodwa kuya kwesinye. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi leli lungiselelo edingekayo umuzi omusha, endaweni ukuqeqeshwa entsha ngaphansi izitshalo, ukudalwa supply reserve okokuqala. Ngakho-ke, abantukazana yokuzithandela isikhathi kuhluke ngu ngoludala futhi wawuqhubela eqinisweni, hhayi kakhulu ngokuvamile, kodwa kwadingeka ilungelo lokwenza. Tillers kwenhlabathi ngekhulu le-15 kwanqunywa ukuba wahlukanise novoprihodtsev futhi starozhiltsev. Elokuqala okungase ukubala izinzuzo zenkosi yakhe izinduna (ukuheha Manpower kwezolimo), kanti eyesibili ekhokhwa kanye izintela ingenkulu kakhulu, kusukela wasebenza njalo, futhi ayebambelele eziningi ezithakazelisayo. Abalimi wayegila njengengxenye isivuno (ladles) noma isithakazelo (zesiliva ezingu).

Iba khulula ayengakwenza kuphela cishe ebusika

Kanjani ukugqilazwa abalimi? Izigaba yale nqubo welulela emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka. Konke kwashintsha nge ukwamukelwa of Ivan lesithathu kwemithetho - Sudebnik, othi hambisa kude omunye umninikhaya ukuba omunye umlimi ayengakwenza kuphela ngemva ngomsebenzi wasepulazini, phakathi noSuku St George kanye ngesonto ngaphambi noma ngemva ekukhokhweni 'abadala. " Mangisho ukuthi eminyakeni umkhosi saint - George the Martyr Omkhulu - kugujwa ngezinsuku ezahlukene. Ngokusho ikhalenda ubudala, ngalolu suku uwela ngoNovemba 26, emashumini eminyaka 16-17, kwathiwa ngoDisemba 6, futhi ezinsukwini zethu - 9 Disemba. Sudebnik futhi inquma inani "abadala", okuyinto kwaba ruble eyodwa eziqhamuka emindenini kanye nasemakhaya elise emasimini, polrublya kusuka emapulazini etholakala amahlathi, esivuna umninindlu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le nkokhelo eyayibekwe iminyaka emine, ukuthi, uma umlimi uye wayehlala futhi esebenza nyaka, kwadingeka ukuba akhokhe ingxenye yesine ka inani kunqunywa Sudebnik.

Izici Zabantu izigaba eyinhloko ukugqilazwa abalimi

INdodana kanye yindlalifa Ivan III, Vasily lwesithathu, wandisa Muscovy ngokwengeza Ryazan, Novgorod-Seversky futhi Starodub ubukhulu. Noma it were izinqubo esebenzayo ye yinye kwamandla, okuyinto ayehambisana ukunciphisa amandla boyars nokukhula ezweni kwamadoda asebukhosini, e izigodi eyayintula umuntu ukusebenza. Lokhu kuthambekela liye landa phakathi nokubusa u-Ivan IV (i-Kubi), okwathi ngo Sudebnik yakhe 1550 waqinisekisa ilungelo kulendawo ukuvumela abalimi kuphela Day St George, kuyilapho ekunciphiseni amalungelo abalimi nezigqila, nokuvusa "ubudala" ezimbili hit jackpot. Izigaba ukugqilazwa abalimi eRussia ayehlaselwa enye ngemva kwenye.

tillers Non-ababekhululekile eRussia kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo

Mayelana menials kufanele ukusho amazwi ambalwa ngokwehlukile. Lokhu isimo akuyona khulula yena umuntu abe khona kusukela esikhathini Rus sidilizwa principalities kuze 1723. Nceku uyisigqila langempela (senceku izithunjwa zempi ngokuthi "Chelyadyn" futhi kwaba ngo okubi kakhulu isikhundla isihlobo isigqila). Izinceku bawa futhi ngesikhathi impi ibambene, ngenxa ubugebengu (isikhulu kungathatha izigqila ku umuntu wabulala okubamba inkunzi, nokushisa ngenhloso ihhashi-ukweba), e ngongakwazi ukukhokha izikweletu e yokukhokha izikweletu noma okungezona khulula kubazali lokuzalwa.

Inceku wayesengaba sokuzithandela, uma umuntu ethatha umuntu okungezona khulula owazithengisa (okungenani 0.5 hryvnia, kodwa phambi kofakazi), bakhonza njengezithunywa umphathi noma Tiuna (kungenzeka nezinye ubudlelwano e mBhalo). Nomnikazi izinceku nanikhululekile ukwenza lutho, kuhlanganise abathengisayo ukubulala ngesikhathi esifanayo kokuba banesibophezelo sezenzo zabo besithathu. Izigqila wasebenza khona, lapho uyokhulula, kuhlanganise phansi. Ngakho-ke singasho ukuthi ukugqilazwa abalimi, izinyathelo ezihlobene namakhulu eminyaka 15-16, eqinisweni, ngokusekelwe umkhuba athuthukile kohlelo senceku.

A ban ngokwengxenye ku ushintsho

Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe (ngo-1581) Ivan Grozny uye labeka imingcele ukudluliselwa tillers mina v Yurev Day, ukuqhuba yokubala abantu jikelele bezwe ukuhlola ubukhulu izinga ukuphathwa kuso. Kwaba omunye umcimbi oholele ukugqilazwa okwengeziwe abalimi. Nokho, izigaba ukuthuthukiswa ukugqilazwa uhlelo, kuthiwa wenziwa lesi sikhathi njengoba Kubi, futhi inkosi Fyodor Ivanovich, ngubani Kubonakala sengathi lowo mthetho ekhishwe ngo-1592.

Wabasekela lokhu kuvinjelwa Kubi abonisa ukuthi kokuqiniswa phambi 1592 lungaqukatha izinkomba "sinqatshiwe (nqatshelwe dla) ihlobo", ngenkathi abalandeli Fedor bakholelwa ukuthi kuyinto ukungabi khona izinkomba "iminyaka esenqatshelwe" kumadokhumenti emva 1592 kusikisela ukuthi ukuvinjelwa yethulwa 1592-1593 biennium. Kucaca ngalolu daba akulona kuze kube manje. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukuqedwa Day St George ayizange isinyathelo yonke insimu yase Russia - eningizimu abalimi kungenzeka bahamba ngezinyawo besuka kwenye aphethe kwesinye isikhathi eside ngokwanele.

Qedela ukugqilazwa abalimi

Izigaba eyinhloko ukugqilazwa abalimi ngekhulu le-16 akuphelanga imisebenzi eshiwo ngaphezulu. Ngo 1597 ke laqanjwa isimemezelo ku umkhawulo iminyaka isikhathi, sona sasungula amanye ukuthi ongumlimi nombaleki libuyiselwa ngayo umniniso wasekuqaleni iminyaka 5. Uma leli gama kungenxa yisikhathi futhi ngayo umniniso wasekuqaleni ayizange bafaka isicelo ukuze kuphenywe, lo muntu wasala endaweni entsha. Njengoba indiza sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi iyiphi ukuhamba kanye nokubuya senziwa nayo yonke impahla kanye nomndeni.

Fixed iminyaka kancane kukhanselwe ngaphansi Boris Godunov

Izigaba ukugqilazwa zomthetho abalimi isinyathelo 1597 maqondana hhayi kuphela umlimi, ngisho maqondana nomkakhe kanye nabantwana bakhe, ngubani liye 'kulungisiwe "ngenxa yezwe. Eminyakeni eyishumi emva Ukwamukelwa imithetho umkhawulo wesikhathi kwesikhathi (1607) isimo buye baphoqa abasebenzi yasemakhaya siye sawohloka kakhulu kusukela Vasilii Shuyskom isikhipha umyalo ukunweba uphenyo iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, okuyinto kakhulu wenabisa amalungelo abanikazi bamazwe ku lomtshikatshika abalimi. Leli phepha wazama ukuveza ukuthi ngokungemthetho umkhawulo iminyaka yokukhansela isikhathi phakathi nokubusa Boris Godunov, owenza ezivuna, okungenzeka kakhulu ngenxa indlala ngonyaka 1601-1602.

Kuyini ukuqedela zonke izigaba ukugqilazwa abalimi? Kafushane - ukuqedwa ngokuphelele zeminyaka umkhawulo wesikhathi umsebenzi umphenyi kanye ngababaleki ephakade. Lokhu kwenzeke ngaphansi Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, futhi semthethweni Council Ikhodi 1649. Kuphela emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili, ngo-1861, serfdom ngabe kumele amiswe nabalimi Russian uzothola yenkululeko.