Isikhumbuzo III Internationals: Tatlin sika Tower. Incazelo, umlando, izici

Ungalokothi eyakhelwe Tatlin Tower wayengomunye walaba ucwaningo boldest ku izakhiwo Soviet e emva kwempi eminyakeni yokuqala. Namuhla sekuyinto olunye lwezimpawu of zingafezeki sezenhlalo ipharadesi e-USSR.

aphoyintimenti umbhoshongo

Ngemva October Revolution, uhulumeni omusha wazama abhebhezela ukunqoba kwakhe kule kwakwakhiwa kakhulu amafomu isikhathi. Ukuphela 10 sika - zakuqala 20-yalolucwaningo. Kwaba isikhathi avant-garde kanye nezinye ezintsha e isiko, ubuciko kanye izakhiwo. amaphrojekthi sokuheha isetshenziswa naphezu sempi yombango isimo esinzima phezu izimpi.

sokukhanda Main imibono enjalo yaba Yabantu Commissariat semfundo. Ngo-1919, uMnyango Fine Arts, yangaphambili ingxenye Yabantu Commissariat, ethunywe umculi owaziwa uVladimir Tatlin badlulela kuthathe iphrojekthi ye isikhumbuzo Third World. AmaBolshevik namanje ukuphupha ayenawo emhlabeni futhi wayekholelwa ukuthi kwakuyilungelo lokhu inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe kuyoba ithuluzi yabo eyinhloko yokusebenzela injongo enkulu. Ngemva kokufunda iminyaka embalwa mashi yesigaba sabasebenzi yaphela nge ukunqotshwa Poland. Okwamanje, i-International labetibambile enkulu emibonweni yabantu nasendleleni isimo omunye izikhundla ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Ubuntu uVladimir Tatlin

Iqanjwe umlobi wayo, lo Tatlin Tower azalwe ngendlela wayezelwe kuphela sisekhanda lakhe. Lo mculi kanye umdwebi wayengomunye walaba yasekuqaleni kakhulu avant-garde isikhathi sakhe. Kule nkathi czarist, wahamba kakhulu eYurophu, iyavuleka bonke amathonya ezizwe ke ethandwa. nethonya elikhulu Tatlin kwadingeka uPablo Picasso. Ingxenye kuba umqondo wokuthi inkosi benza abasha Russian coaching Constructivist nekhono.

Okwesithathu International Tatlin Tower yadalwa nguye esifanele. In Soviet Russia ungaphakathi ecucuza kokuhlaziywa ngemibono yobuciko. Kakade Stalin inkathi, yonke izitayela fashion ezifana Constructivism, Cubism kanye avant-garde uzobe uvinjelwe. Triumph of ngokoqobo sezenhlalo. Kondovaya lesi sitayela kukhona izinhlobo alien nemibono ukuthi komculo we Tatlin Tower.

Deconstruction, constructivism nezinye izikole babesaphila ekuqaleni 20s. Kusenjalo Tatlin wabuyela ekhaya, enethemba nokufezekisa amaphupho abo lalinamandla. Lesi simo sengqondo iye wadalula zonke ke nezihlakaniphi - kusuka abalobi ukuba abaklami. Kubo, Soviet Russia baba utopia - umhlaba omusha, ukuze uphikise ngokwawo ubudala futhi nesithukuthezi oda European.

Advanced iphrojekthi yezakhiwo

Ready Tatlin Tower kwakufanele kube into entsha ngokuphelele futhi engakaze ibonwe. iphrojekthi wakhe wazalwa synthesis ngesibindi yokudala ngesikhathi esifanayo amafomu utilitarian kanye omkhulukazi. Ngesisekelo lesikhumbuzo ayemathathu ingilazi "yayinemibhoshongo ngemuva nangaphambili", ikhangele nomunye esebenzisa uhlelo eyinkimbinkimbi izinduku kanye ethandelayo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi emagcekeni babedabuka ehlukile, ndawonye baye wadala Ukwakheka ezihlukile kusukela inhlanganisela ezihlukile Jomethri.

Tower 3 International Tatlin kwaba ongaka wokuvelela futhi ngenxa yokuthi, ngokusho plan "ithimba lokudala" (njengoba ayekubiza kanjalo Tatlin-copyright inhlangano), ingxenye isakhiwo ngasinye bekumele uthole izindlela entsha. Babengeke avumele izakhiwo ukuhambisa ezisekelweni zawo, okuyinto kwaba inselele ubunjiniyela ngoba inkathi.

imikhakha eziphakathi nendawo

imikhakha esheshisa ukwanda ngamunye "phansi". Ikamelo aphansi ngesimo cube kwakuwukuba ngihlanganise esisodwa revolution ngonyaka. It wawuhloselwe isishayamthetho. Kukhona kwakungasetshenziswa congresses International, okwakuyoholela ukuxoxa umthethosisekelo, izimiso, nokunye. D.

mbhoshongo Isilinganiso ujikelezisa kwelinye revolution ngenyanga. Wayezoba ikhaya eSiphezulu. Ikamelo wawuzoqhutshwa umhlangano yeKomidi, Secretariat nezinye zokuphatha emizimbeni.

uqimba phezulu

Lolu dengezi engenhla kwenza omunye revolution ngosuku. Kwakukhona zonke tekuchumana letehlukene: emaphephandzaba, izindaba bureau, izikhungo hlobo izincwajana, amapheshana kanye manifestos. Le ndawo ku umqondo abaklami lalizoba umthombo umkhankaso zokwakha sabasebenzi kwezwe lonke. Lolu dengezi wayebuye egumbini kakhulu uwuhlomele kahle. It kwaku yocingo, umsakazo kanye yonke zakamuva ukudluliswa kolwazi nobuchwepheshe. Ngaphandle ebodeni emgwaqweni hung isikrini ovuthayo izibani omkhulu. Kwaba lwezingxoxo umkhiqizo kuphela. Isiphetho eminye izakhiwo kwadingeka ukuba izinto okuxoxwa ngazo emihlanganweni amakomiti akhethekile, abangasizakalanga ngakho waqala ukusebenza ngenxa yokuvalwa yephrojekthi.

Ukuze ujikelezisa eziyizitezi kuhlelwe ukudala i eyinkimbinkimbi okungakaze kubonwe amapayipi usinika isakhiwo nazo zonke ubungqabavu kunesidingo. Tatlin sika Tower hhayi kuphela olumangalisayo abedlula ngendlela, kodwa futhi ukhululekile ntu umsebenzi bahlale kuwo. Glass izindonga kwadingeka ukuba kabili, efana ezivamile kudivayisi thermos, okuyinto ayezokuqhubeka ebusa ngaphakathi ukhululekile lokushisa leso senzo.

I juxtaposition yobuciko wobunxiwankulu

Kwakubalulekile ukungasho sisebenza kuphela, kodwa futhi ukubaluleka kwezobuciko, okuyinto wathwala Tatlin Tower. Constructivism nezinye ngokugqamile imibono wezakhiwo abaphikisa wobunxiwankulu art nasemadolobheni yokuhlela. muzi Socialist ngekusasa (ekuqaleni ukwakha enqabeni Third World Kwahlelwa Petrograd) kwakuyilona bokungafani bofeleba kosozimali European ezifana naseParis.

Revolutionary iphrojekthi abalobi ukugcizelela kubo wanoma yini oyenzayo. abaklami Socialist wagomela ukuthi umkhuba ubudala zabantu abasesigabeni esiphakathi zaziba ukuhola yokuphila kwakhe emhlabeni (ke wazalwa kanye nezolimo) kwaba ngokuphelele okungalungile. Ngakho-ke, umbhoshongo futhi uJesu wazalwa skyscraper phantasmagoric lapho yonke imisebenzi ugcwaliseka ngokugcwele kungaba ngokoqobo emoyeni. Ngokwe-wokwakha ukuphakama okufanele sifinyelele amamitha 400 - i sibalo engakaze yenziwe ekuqaleni 20s.

Lapho isakhiwo sekumi ngomumo, iSoviet uhulumeni wakhipha eziningana delayo umbhoshongo, okubala indzabambhalo UNikolai Punin. It adunyiswe umbono ukwakha phezulu ngekusasa, okwakuyoholela laba uphawu ukunqoba zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni. Puning emakhasini umsebenzi wabo wathi ekugcineni ubuciko okokuqala safeza izinjongo esisebenzayo, bephawula isibonelo imikhakha emithathu ngemicondvo ezahlukene.

yimpumelelo yomphakathi

Ngokokuqala ngqá Lingumbhoshongo amancane Tatlin eMoscow yethulwa emhlanganweni VIII Zonke-Russian iCongress of amaSoviet ngo-1920. Le projekthi kuye kwabangela isasasa futhi ngokushesha esethulwa emihlanganweni eminingana ngamazwe nemibukiso njengoba iwuphawu nakancane sezenhlalo izinhloso entsha kahulumeni.

E-West bathola notoriety Tatlin Tower. Amaqiniso mayelana Russia nase yayo isakhiwo avant-garde njalo uvele nabezindaba European. Kwakuyisikhathi enkulu inkulumo-ze ithuluzi, eclipsing ezethusayo civil impi nobugebengu.

Ukulaxazwa we

Ukudlula kwesikhathi kuye kwabonisa ukuthi lonke Umqondo womuntu oyedwa skyscraper nenqwaba Ngokuzayo kwaba kuphela umkhankaso inkulumo-ze uhulumeni kwamaBolshevik. Mhlawumbe ngempela uhulumeni wamaSoviet wafuna bona lesikhumbuzo III International. Tower Tatlin sika ngisho kwadingeka incarnations eziningana e dummies lokhuni. Nokho, ngo-1924, Tatlin, ukusebenza ku-project akhe okufuna ukuvelela iminyaka eminingi, wanikezwa iseluleko lokuqala umsebenzi decommissioning - akazange avunyelwe phesheya kokwethula lesikhumbuzo.

Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva uhulumeni ekugcineni belahla ibhizinisi nabafuna izikhundla. Kwakunezizathu ezizwakalayo eziningana. Okokuqala, izwe ayedabula incithakalo esibi kwezomnotho, lapho imali kwakungeyona nje lutho. Zonke iphutha kwaba empini eside. Ukuze alungise leso simo, amaBolshevik waya izinyathelo ezinqala, okubalwa requisitioning oyifakile.

Ngobusuku obandulela ukufa Lenin, nesineke wavuma ukuhamba phezu ebucayini ngemibono. Yena ilethe inqubomgomo entsha kwezomnotho kanye isimo kuleli zwe kancane kancane zaqala ukuba ngcono. Nokho, ngo-1924 umholi inguquko wafa, uStalin athatha izintambo.

Ekugcineni, ekuthatheni isinyathelo noNobhala-Jikelele we CPSU (b) uqalile esibhebhethekisa ukwesaba ngokumelene avant-garde, okwakubekelwa wayenezimvu Tatlin. Imibono sibambe abaculi kanye izinto babe kakhulu esizimele kuhulumeni. Avant-garde, ngokushesha emva kwempi walidla okuthunyelwe lomcoka zemfundo kanye nokumela yomphakathi, waqala ngaphansi pretexts ahlukahlukene, wokukhipha esuka ehhovisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibono yawo kwakuyilawa engaqondakali ngokuphelele abantu abavamile futhi sabasebenzi ngokwayo, okuyinto kusolakala wakhonza njengephayona izinto. inkulumo-ze-Soviet yezidingo entsha isampula babe Motifs elula izindikimba aqondwa nezisebenzi. Ngakho kancane kancane wawubangelwa sezenhlalo okwangempela baba nesimo imfundiso.

Isiphetho Tatlin

Lokho Tatlin Tower wayengomunye walaba izisulu lokuqala inqubomgomo entsha ngokumelene avant-garde futhi constructivism. Umakhi yena ebhekene Ukukhetha ejwayelekile ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe - ungene ukungqubuzana neziphathimandla noma ukwamukelwa of nezimfundiso entsha wenze kakade ngaphakathi kubo. Tatlin isinqumo ukunikezela isimo.

Nokho, kamuva kulo akakayakhi yini efanayo esikalini nge nombhoshongo walo. Phakathi nokuphila wezakhiwo wakwazi ukuhlela embukisweni eyodwa kuphela. Washona ngo-1953, ngemva uStalin. Bayalithakasela Isasasa Esinalo umsebenzi Tatlin lavuselelwa esikhathini yokwakha kabusha, lapho Wawuthi bacwaninga phezu esilitshelwe futhi esenqatshelwe imisinga ngesiRashiya art.

Tower of Memory

Namuhla, layout umbhoshongo abadumile Tatlin kungabonwa ku Tretyakov Gallery, okuyinto ngo-2011 lidlule Umbukiso lomqondo elalinikezelwe iminyaka engu-125th umdwebi. lesikhumbuzo yakhe III Internationals wahlala imemori European. imodeli Tower uku Stockholm Museum of Modern Art. Kulokhu, ukuhleleka wokuqala, okwethulwa 1920 at the House of amaSoviet, alahlekelwa depositories ekhethekile, futhi mhlawumbe ngokuqondile ubhujiswe.