Counter - iNguquko ukuphikiswa zemvelo elahlasela eYurophu emashumini eminyaka XVI-XVII. Ukulwa yithemba Ingxenye iSonto LamaKatolika sasinamandla kakhulu ekwandiseni bayanda, ukumboza amazwe amaningi eYurophu ngokushesha ukuze Vatican waphoqeleka ukuba baphendule futhi liqalise izimpendulo.
reciprocation
Counter - kungcono isilinganiso ezinzima sokuphindisela, elase kuhloswe ngazo ukuqinisa enkolweni yamaKatolika kanye nokubuyiselwa yokuqiniseka kweSikole opapa. Igalelo Yezinguquko lanyakazisa izisekelo of the Catholic Church, kodwa ukulichitha ngokuphelele futhi uvikelwe ngesikhathi labetibambile neNkathi Yokumelana Nenguquko. Ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi la ukunyakaza ezimbili ezinamandla ukumela ukuvukela amazwe kancane ethuthukisiwe ye-Italy, okuyinto ngaleso sikhathi kwaba zihlakaniphe isimo khulula. Ukweseka lokhu ukugomela Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi intukuthelo ngesikhathi eyonakele iSonto LamaKatolika laqala eJalimane ngemva kwenkulumo Martina Lyutera ke balawulwa France, England, eHolland, eSpain, e-Czech Republic ne-Switzerland. Italy ngaleso sikhathi ngakho wazonda ukuthi wonke umuntu ukhohlwe ngakho lapho kwazalelwa Yempucuko. Counter - Le mpendulo Italian-Spanish omakhelwane.
Isikhali oyinhloko neNkathi Yokumelana Nenguquko
Misa ukunyakaza umbhikisho iye yasiza ukwakha e 1534 by Ignatius Loyola ongumJesuit Order. Uhlangothi Italian uye phambili Umphikisi uyakufanelekela ubuntu onjalo afana ngazo uMartin Luther, Zhan Kalvin, Yan uGus. Mhlawumbe impendulo of the Catholic Church ngeke kube njengoba ngempumelelo, uma ngaphakathi ohlelweni uqobo ayinayo isifiso ukuba ngumnikazi kweNkathi Yezinguquko nokukhululwa ezonweni ngalo osolwa ngokubulala izitha. Yingakho neNkathi Yokumelana Nenguquko - liphinde ngomzamo nokuzalwa kabusha kwangaphakathi of the Catholic Church. Eceleni kwakhe, amandla ayemakhulu ngempela enamandla - izikhulu eningizimu eJalimane nase-Italy, i-uMbusi uCharles V, uPapa of njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma neNkosi of Spain, uPhilip II. amathuluzi ngokuyinhloko babe oda lezindela, iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki nezinkantolo LamaRoma Curia. Amacala Ezihlubuki ngokwayo, okubangela kanye yokuhweba nokuzitika iyona enkulu futhi anganeliseki yentukuthelo abantu, futhi 1542 waba waguquka waba ngokuhambisa sobupapa oqondile.
ukuqala izenzakalo
Ukuphikisa yeziNguquko eYurophu iqoqo izinyathelo phezu ingxenye iSonto LamaKatolika ukuze ubuyisele sitfunti salo. Ngo-1545 kwathiwa ibizwe kokumiswa koMkhandlu WaseTrent. Ngesikhathi isinyathelo uPawulu III, le ke uPapa, e Tridente uya XIX WamaSonto Council, wehlela emlandweni ngaphansi kwegama Serdikskogo. Njengoba inkulumo Martina Lyutera bese abethela yakhe edumile ethi "sokuphrinta 95" emnyango wesonto eWittenberg kubhekwa ekuqaleni kweNkathi Yezinguquko kanye XIX Cathedral ukuqala neNkathi Yokumelana Nenguquko. Yaphela e 1563 futhi ngokungangabazeki, waqinisa isikhundla sobuKatolika. Esinye sezenzakalo eziphawulekayo kunazo lombhishobhi, ivumela ukulawula okuningi phezu izingqondo izakhamuzi, kwaba ukudalwa i-Index lwezincwadi ezivinjelwe, ukhansele kuphela 1966 futhi yathatha eminyakeni engamakhulu amane. INkathi Yezinguquko futhi Ukuphikisa yeziNguquko eYurophu babe impande yabo izimbangela kanye nesizinda, ame ekujuleni ebuKatolikeni futhi ubuKristu jikelele.
soni
Ukuphikisa yeziNguquko eYurophu sasisekelwe ikakhulu oda amaJesuit, ezidalwe 1534 futhi ibhaliswe ngokomthetho uPapa Paul III 1540. On kangakanani akwenzele neNkathi Yokumelana Nenguquko, uthi isiqubulo wakhe oyinhloko - "Ukuphela olungisisa izindlela." ukusebenza kwalo sachaza okushiwo Order of idivayisi kanye imigqa lempi, isiyalo olunzima nokulalela, izinga eliphezulu lezemfundo ka amaJesuit ne ukuzinikela kwabo engapheli yamaKatolika. AmaJesuit wayephila ezweni nabadumile njengoba unya lwakhe, futhi benze umsebenzi wezithunywa zevangeli. Kukholakala ukuthi ardent ungungoti - isoni wangaphambili inveterate. Ngokusho Diderot, oshiseka Loyola intsha wachitha ezimpini nasekuhwebeni ekuzitikeni ngokweqile. noshushiso olunonya futhi kuqothulwe ngokomzimba of izihlubuki sewenze elithi "ongumJesuit" undabuzekwayo, okuyinto kubonisa ngobuqili, nokukhohlisa baseness. Nalapha omlilo avuthayo kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Omunye wabo kwashiswa 1600 by Giordano Bruno.
Zonke elahlekile
"INhlangano kaJesu," Ignatiya Loyoly, abalwela ubumsulwa ukholo, ukumisa kusengaphambili amaProtestani, futhi Ungamniki ubambe-Italy, eSpain, e-Austria. E-Fulansi, emva kubulawa onegazi St noBartolomewu, okuyinto eyenzeka ngo-1572, lapho 30,000 amaHuguenot, esungulwe kubekezelela ezinye izinkolo wanqunywa. steel YamaProthestani Sweden, e-England, Prussia, Saxony naseDenmark. INkathi Yezinguquko futhi Ukuphikisa yeziNguquko eYurophu - umele ezimpini zenkolo izixhumanisi elilodwa chain. Ukungezwani phakathi neSonto lamaProthestani futhi iSonto lamaKatolika wakwazi ukuqeda 30 kuphela ngemva amaqhawe. Sokuthula SaseWestphalia, ungene ngemvume ku-1648, wenza ucingo ku Amalungelo isonto. Nkolo entsha kubhekwe izono enkulu sobuvila, ukungenzi lutho kanye nokubukisa. Kuyinto kuyavumelana ngokuphelele nalo capitalism abasafufusa. Abantu ngatshala yisifiso sokwenza imali futhi ukuceba, futhi umncintiswano abasafufusa. Singasho kugcwale umlomo ukuthi iNguquko futhi neNkathi Yokumelana Nenguquko nomthelela ukuvela ubudlelwane kwezomnotho ezintsha kanye zokwakheka kokushintsha. Ekamu, lapho ubuKatolika uye anganikelwa esandleni izikhundla zabo, capitalism kwenzeka kamuva kakhulu.