2 UFiliphu, King of Spain: umlando wokuphila futhi bayawuthanda nomkhaya. amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Philippe 2 - Spanish King. Umlando Omfushane umbusi likhombisa despotism kanye nokuqina bobuntu bakhe. Kule nkathi wokubusa kwakhe - kuyilapho amandla leli lizwe phezulu.

Philip 2 umlando Spanish

Phakathi nokubusa le nkosi - 1527-1598 GG. Wayengubani Philip 2 Spanish? Okhokho balezi umbusi - uCharles V neNdlovukazi u-Isabella yasePortugal. Wazalelwa Valladolid yinkosi yesikhathi esizayo. Lapho ngivakashele impahla yabo eningi kule eJalimane, eNetherlands futhi e-Italy, le nkosi yesikhathi esizayo ngokushesha wazizwa ubutha izifundo. Ngemva kwalokho, nokungaqondi zabo bobabili laba libi nakakhulu yiqiniso lokuthi umbusi angazanga kahle nganoma yiluphi ulimi ngaphandle Castilia.

ebuntwaneni

2 Spanish Philip wachitha esengumntwana e Castile. Uyise wayengumGreki uMbusi waseRoma indlalifa ezindaweni aseHapsburg. Kusukela 1516, uCharles V wayebuye inkosi yaseSpain. Wabusela ngaya eNyakatho Afrika naseYurophu. Valladolid and Toledo yayiyimizi ezinkulu Ros filipp 2 Spanish. Umndeni kwakuqabukela sibonana uyise. Wezindaba zombuso waphoqelela uCharles V kwaba njalo samanje kulezi zindawo kuncike kuye. Lapho uFiliphu wafa unina, wayengekho 12. Eminyakeni yokuqala yamthanda bemvelo. Ngokudoba, ukuzingela ukuvakashela imvelo baba labo imisebenzi lapho kukhona nokuzola Philip 2 Spanish. I ukuzinyeza ekuhlaleni kwenkosi esihlalweni sobukhosi futhi waqala ukubonisa kusenesikhathi. Kusukela esemncane ayevelele ngu ehlonipha, uthando lomculo. Abeluleki batshala kuye isifiso sokufunda. umtapo yakhe lalinabashumayeli ayizinkulungwane 14. Umqulu.

Isingeniso umthetho

Philip 2 ISipanishi (isithombe yakhiwe ekumeni zazo okusesihlokweni esithi) athuthukile nemibono yakhe yezombusazwe kanye kokuzibandakanya kayise. Naphezu kokunyamalala isikhathi eside futhi ukuvakashelwa ezingavamile ekhaya, uCharles V wazama mathupha, ngokusebenzisa izinhlamvu imiyalelo ezikhethekile ukuze afundise indodana yakhe ezindabeni zokuphatha. Uyise njalo kwakhulunywa ngazo umthwalo omkhulu kwezepolitiki, isidingo sokuba ngithembele kuNkulunkulu. Charles wabiza indodana yakhe ukuba proportionality nokungakhethi ezinqumweni wakhuthaza ukuvikela ukholo ubudala, ukungavumeli izihlubuki ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo.

Esigabeni sokuqala kokulawulwa

Phakathi Regency yakhe yokuqala (nge 1543 ku 1548 GG.) UFiliphu 2 Spanish okwenzeka ebaluleke kakhulu uhulumeni. It asekelwe ithiphu umshayeli we Board. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njalo babonisana uyise, esihlelwe nezindaba eziningi naye. Phakathi nale nkathi, Philip 2 Spanish wakhonza umsebenzi ezimbili. Okokuqala, wenza njengoba ibamba wemfanelo. Kulesisimo-ke, kulandela isithakazelo zezombusazwe, washada ngo-1543 kuya ku Mary - indodakazi umbusi Portugal. Okwesibili, Philip 2 Spanish kwakudingeka bafune ngokucophelela at konke okwenzekayo e-Germany. Ngaleso sikhathi, isenzo eyinhloko kule ndawo eyenziwa uyise. Philip, kwakudingekile ukuba akwazi ukulungiselela izinsiza of Spain ukuze kuze Inqubomgomo okwengeziwe ebizayo. Ngo-1547, uCharles V wahlasela amaProthestani. Lokhu okwamanje imakwe ukunyukela koMbusi esiqongweni amandla okubusa.

Ukufika e-Germany

Ezenzeka endaweni izenzakalo umbuso, kanye lokuthi indodana yakhe Ferdinand (umfowabo Charles), owaprofetha ababusi enozwelo amaProthestani, uyise kaFiliphu ukwamukele umbono ukuthi sekuyisikhathi ukuze alungiselele indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi. Watshelwa ukuza eNetherlands naseJalimane. iminyaka 1548-1559 babephethe abasha nkosi esikoleni kakhulu zokuphila bezombangazwe baseYurophu. Ekwindla ka-1548, Philip 2 Spanish waya Italy. Endleleni Wahlala retinue yakhe ayizinkulungwane ezimbili e Milan, Genoa, Trient, Mantua. Khona-ke ewela Alps, wavakashela Heidelberg, Speyer, Munich. Via Luxembourg, waya Brussels, lapho ahlangana khona noyise.

Ujwayele Netherlands

uhambo le nkosi abasha sihambisana emadilini eziningi kanye namaholide, lapho ingxenye ezimatasa wathatha Philip 2 - Inkosi Spanish. Biography emfushane ugcwele ezihlukahlukene izenzakalo. Ngakho, kusukela ngo-July 1550 kuze May 1551-th, wayekhona lapho i-Diet of Augsburg. Lapha le nkosi wahlangana Ferdinand (umalume wakhe) nendodana yakhe - Maximilian. Ngo 1549, uFiliphu babuka Netherlands. Ngajwayelana lizwe, wafunda siyijabulele. Akhishiwe kokwenzeka Netherlands babeba nethonya elikhulu kubantu izakhiwo amapaki kanye izakhiwo ukuthi kamuva uPhillip eyakhelwe eSpain. Esikhathini izakhiwo bekuhlela ne ensembles yenkosi wathatha ngqo ingxenye. injabulo Special okubangelwa Umdwebo nkosi. Ngokushesha, iqoqo lakhe laqanjwa agcwaliswa nge imidwebo abaculi oluvelele. imidwebo Bosch sika kuphela, kwakunabamemezeli abangu-40.

Ukulahlekelwa uCharles V amandla

Ngo 1551 Philip eSpain iminyaka engu-3. Kusuka lapho, wazama ngokwayo, usekela uyise nokuvukela wezikhulu German. Nokho, uCarl, ngokufanele, lapho elahlekelwe indodana yakhe amandla ngobukhulu embusweni. Ferdinand Maximilian bakwazi ukuvikela izithakazelo zabo eJalimane ngokumelene umugqa Habsburg baba, ngasendleleni, manje eSpain. Ekugcineni, Charles kwakufanele sithathelwe indawo yizinto imperatorstvo. Noma kunjalo, wakwazi ukuvikela i Philip ezibonakalayo e-Italy naseNetherlands. Territory wale mithandazo, ecabanga a osendaweni ivikelwe umshado indodana Marii Tyudor, owayemdala kakhulu kunami kuka kuye. Ukuze wenze lokhu, uFiliphu ithole uMbuso eNaples. Umbusi osemusha wathuthela eLondon.

Ukufa uyise unkosikazi

Ngemva konyaka izenzakalo zempilo Charles sika usufinyelele njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla. Wanika indodana yakhe, kuqala Netherlands bese eSpain. Ubaba wabhalela imiyalelo yakhe njengoba ngo-1558, ngo-September, wafa, hhayi ngoba eminye iminyaka emibili. Ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva, uMariya Tudor wafa. Konke lokhu ukuvumele uFiliphu ukuba ubuye 1559 eSpain. Umbusi ubekade '33. Nobunzima ekuphileni kwakhe siqu, eneminyaka engu-nanhlanu isipiliyoni zezombusazwe wamenza umuntu ovuthiwe. Philip 2 Spanish njengoba kungekho umbusi European, wayesekulungele ukwamukela umthwalo phetho wesizwe sabo.

imigomo nkosi

Yini umbusi kwaba Philip 2 Spanish? Umlando Omfushane le nkosi ebonisa ukuthi wayekuqonda ukubaluleka kokuthanda ukhona, wemfanelo phambi UNkulunkulu uqobo lwaKhe, ukuze kusindiswe imiphefumulo izikhonzi zakhe. Umgomo wakhe oyinhloko kwaba ukugcinwa ukunwetshwa aseHapsburg ezibonakalayo ekhaya, ekuvikeleni ngokumelene kuphangwa Turkish, containment kuqala inkathi yeziNguquko esontweni, emzabalazweni kanye nabasekeli baso ngokusebenzisa izinguquko eSontweni LamaKatolika. Ngezindlela eziningi inkinga ayibeka yena, ziyavumelana labo isinqumo uyise. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaba futhi ngokucacile kwezombangazwe, okuyinto lwenziwe uFiliphu 2 Spanish. Inkosi, ngokungafani noyise, leliya lizwe ikakhulu komunye zokuhlala unomphela. Phakathi nokuhlala kwakhe khona esihlalweni sobukhosi, + wayeneminyaka engaba 2 kuphela ubudala weza ePortugal ngemva ukubusa esihlalweni sobukhosi 1580, uCharles V njalo ehilelekile nomkhankaso wempi. UPhilip wayeyilungu leqembu 2 ehlukene kakhulu Spanish. Inkosi yathumela e imikhankaso yezempi ka ojenene bakhe.

ukudluliselwa yokuhlala

Ngo 1561 Philip kuhanjiswe ku Madrid. Nge 1563 ku-1568 eduze kwakhe lamiswao Escorial. Laliyiziko ufanekisela amandla. Kuyinto yokuhlala, ethuneni dynastic kanye sezindela. Nokudluliswa ekuphathweni emaphakathi nenkosi yakhe inkantolo ukuthi wabona ukuthi useqede eNgilandi naseFrance. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, Madrid waqala izici dolobha.

isitayela uhulumeni

Philip abalandela iseluleko uyise ngokucacile, ukuzama ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthi akubi sincike abeluleki ngabanye. Ngokuvamile, isitayela wokubusa kwakhe kungenziwa ngokuthi i bureaucratic futhi kobushiqela. Bambalwa amalungu Izicukuthwane badonseleka kuleli central control unit zezinqumo ezithathwe wezempi nomgomo wezangaphandle zinhloso. Omunye walaba bantu, isibonelo, kwaba iNkosana Yase-Alba. Grand Philippe 2 Spanish wabeka nejoka amanxusa ezinkantolo European. Ngesikhathi esifanayo naye kuzisusa kusuka control central. wabeluleki Key Iningi abameli, ososayensi ngokuvamile yayinesikhundla ezingokomoya. Iningi lazo Zazifundisiwe amakolishi eziholayo amayunivesithi Castile.

amathiphu

Benzé njengoba Izilawuli ukhiye. Amathiphu savela kusukela izinsuku Ababusi bamaKatolika. Karl V phelelisa isakhiwo sabo. Ingxenye emizimbeni wanikezwa imisebenzi sasivumela capacious. Ikakhulu, i-uMkhandlu Wombuso isinqumo esibaluleke kunazo nezindaba inqubomgomo angaphandle, iBhodi lwezezimali esasiphethe nokusakazwa imali. Ngesikhathi uPhilippe isitho ophethe lempi kwezombusazwe ekugcineni kwakhiwa. zamakhono lonke Kumiswa 1483, uMkhandlu Zamacala Ezihlubuki zangeNkathi Ephakathi. Yaba ukhiye emaphakathi amandla isakhiwo ngaphansi Philip. Okunye emizimbeni sokweluleka endowed ngekhono ogxile lesifunda. Ngokwesibonelo, amathiphu oyibamba wezwe wase-Aragon, Castile, ezindaweni kwezilwandle. Ngo 1555 Wema ozimele ophethe izindaba Italy. Ngokuhamba ukuvela izinkinga ezintsha wadala Philippe 2 Spanish Netherlands Amathiphu Portugal. emizimbeni Collegial benawo amandla yokwahlulela, yokushaya imithetho kanye nezokuphatha. Letakhi basiza nkosi e ikhambi ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene futhi zazisetshenziselwa ngemibono.

Isimiso wokubambisana neziphathimandla

Philip kuyaqabukela akhona emhlanganweni woMkhandlu. Ngokuvamile izakhiwo yokubonisana ukunikeza izinqumo okusalungiswa ngokubhala ngendlela izincomo. Njengoba abaxhumanisi onobhala. Futhi oMkhandlu. Eighties, lezi onobhala sasimunye ku Junta. It uye savela ngaphansi uPhilip Izilawuli ezibalulekile. Monarch by ukusabela i izakhiwo zokweluleka, onobhala nezinye izikhulu wemfanelo uholwe isimiso 'ukuhlukana futhi anqobe ". Lo Mkhandlu ukuhlangana eceleni komunye nomunye. Ngokuvamile, ngisho nonobhala kanye indilinga encane abasebenzi engakaze unolwazi ngokugcwele mayelana nazo zonke izindaba.

isijeziso

Philip Njengesizwe sasingeke sikubekezelele izikhulu sidebeselele imisebenzi yabo. Uma umuntu Kwabonakala ukusetshenziswa isikhundla sakhe ukuze umuntu azuze noma ukwehluleka imisebenzi, yena waba ngokushesha ophucwa posi futhi liye lasuswa kusukela enkantolo. uthola isiphetho esinjena, isibonelo, wahlupheka onobhala Antonio uPeretse Francisco de Erazo. Bona bafakwe esitokisini. Ngezikhathi ngaqala ukuzinyeza futhi iNkosana Yase-Alba ngenxa nangobudlova eNetherlands. Kuboshwe futhi Don Carlos - indodana Philip. indlalifa ukufa ukulondolozwa lezwe esibucayi ojulile, angaphandle kanye ezifuywayo. Kuyaphawuleka ukukhala komphakathi esavela phakathi lezi zenzakalo. Abaphila Besikhathi Philip akazange akhohlwe nakancane abe nokuzaza bonyana ukuzimisela le nkosi wabalekisela isidingo isimo ukuvikela izithakazelo dynastic. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, rigidity umbusi kwasusa ze yezombusazwe indlela yilabo abaphikisana umkhankaso. Kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ke wangena phansi negra igama Legenda. Echoes zayo ziye laba isisekelo segama imisebenzi abalobi German Schiller ( "Don Carlos"), H. Mann, Thomas Mann.

Revolution eNetherlands

Lo mbhikisho kubangelwe izenzo kaFiliphu. Yena sithuthukise yethulwa futhi kwaqinisa eNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki ngo-Netherlands. ushushiso lwaba nzima kakhulu amaSulumane, amaProthestani namaJuda. Dutch wazonda nkosi. Zonke-ke uthola izikhalazo futhi ucela Waphendula wathi oda akuqede yezihlubuki, ekuboniseni isihe. Eminyakeni 1565-1567 wokuvukela lakhula. UFiliphu ethunyelwe Alba - omunye ojenene enkulu. Zonke owamlandela ayikwazanga ukwenza ukuthula no-Netherlands. UPhilip wayeyilungu njalo emelene noma ikuphi ukuhlehla. Esahlezi emzini wakhe futhi ukusuka lapho wathuma izincwadi ukungesabisa imiyalo proteges yakhe. Ngo-1581 i-United-Jikelele e-The Hague, kwamenyezelwa ukuthi uFiliphu bancishwa impahla yabo eningi kule Netherlands. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokumelene nkosi kwavela England.

"Armada Invincible"

Ngemva kokufa kumkakhe wokuqala Marii filipp kwakufanela ashade esikhundleni sakhe u-Elizabethe. Nokho, lona wamuva yasiphikisa isiphakamiso. Njengoba i-Dutch impumelelo ukukhula U-Elizabethe wabonisa uzwela ngaphezulu ngezenzo zabo. Ukuzidela Frensis Dreyk ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlasela uhulumeni waseBrithani sika ogwini Spanish. Elizabeth ithunyelwa usizo Netherlands - ibutho elikhulu elihamba kanye wezikhali. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, uPhilip wanquma ukuba banikeze buhlungu juqu. Ngo 1588, wathunyelwa ogwini IsiZulu weqembu lemikhumbi ezinkulukazi - "Armada". Kodwa emkhankasweni, cishe yonke imikhumbi (kwakukhona 130) alahleka isiphepho e ekuhlaseleni imikhumbi isitha. Nokuthula Elizabeth futhi uFiliphu aluphelanga. Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe ezweni wahlaselwa British. yengcebo Spanish selikhathele. Kwakungekho imali ngisho ukudala okungenani imikhumbi encane ukuzivikela.

inzalo

Ukuze sonke isikhathi ibhodi kane washada noPhilip 2 Spanish. izingane zakhe kwabobulili. Indodana yabo yokuqala - Don Carlos - ozalwa kaMariya yasePortugal. Washona ngemva ukuvela amazibulo ezweni. Ngu nomkakhe wesibili - Marii Tyudor - izingane UFiliphu wayengeyena. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Don Karlos wafa ezimweni ongaziwa okwanele. Kuyaziwa ukuthi yena wayehlushwa isifo lokugula ngengqondo ezaziwayo. Esikhathini ashade okwesithathu ne Izabelloy Valua indodakazi ozalwa. Omunye wabo kwakungu-kokubusa e Southern Netherlands. Kuyinto Philip wazama ukwenza indlovukazi France. Ngokuqondene indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi, baba uwukuphela kwendodana kwenkosi esihlalweni sobukhosi. 3 noFiliphu wazalwa ngo umshado u-Anne-Austria. Ekuqaleni yayihloselwe Dona Karlosa. Siyazi emlandweni ukuthi uFiliphu 2 ngokuvamile washintsha intombi eseceleni kwakhe. nezimpi eziningi, ubuqaba maqondana ukudayisa futhi umshikashika labantu ngenxa nje yezinkolelo zabo ziye zicekele phansi izwe kanye ocebile, okuyinto lalibuswa Philip 2 Spanish. Ukuphela ukuphila ayihlala ukuhlushwa. Waba sifo.

ukuhlolwa ubuntu

abalobi kunamaProthestani namaKatolika elichaza Philip 2 ehluke ngokuphelele. Eyokuqala echazwe le nkosi ngokuthi isilo olunegazi, kokubalula kuso ezihlukahlukene ukukhubazeka. Noma kunjalo, ukugcizelela, ukubukeka kwayo ezingemnandi okunyanyekayo. Egcekeni lomuzi umbusi kwakukhona isimo izinsolo. ukuphathwa State ephelezelwa izingobe ezimbi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uPhilip umxhasi futhi connoisseur yobuciko. Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, izincwadi, imidwebo wazibonela yobudala yayo yegolide. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi laziwa emhlabeni ka-El Greco, Lope de Vega. I izimbali kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu le-17 yesibili. Ngo amaqoqo kaFiliphu babe imidwebo ezingavamile esuka kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Sishilo kakade uthando lwakhe lwezincwadi. umtapo yakhe umhlangano imibhalo Copernican ka-Erasmus. Naphezu yokukhathala of yengcebo ekupheleni ukuphila kaFiliphu, izwe ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe wangena enkundleni ngamazwe njengoba isimo esinamandla. Ezicini eziningi uphromothiwe yinqubomgomo kayise inkosi sika - kukaCharles V. Nokho, ukungathembani, ukusolana, unya, Philip 2 wabhubhisa izwe.