UNikolai Kondratiev, Economist Soviet: Biography, umnikelo emnothweni

Notorious landfill "Kommunarka" yayiyindawo sokufa yososayensi abaningi Soviet ahlaza. Omunye wabo kwakungu-oyisazi sezomnotho Nikolay Dmitrievich Kondratev. Eminyakeni yokuqala kweSoviet Union, wahola uhlela izwe kwezolimo. Ingxenye esemqoka ifa theory Kondratieff kwaba incwadi "imijikelezo Big conjuncture." Futhi, usosayensi kugomela inqubomgomo nep, ayobuyisela umnotho Soviet ngemva yombango esibhubhisayo.

Esakhula

Economist UNikolai Kondratiev wazalwa ngo-March 16, 1892 edolobhaneni Galuevskoy sifundazwe Kostroma. Nge engu-13 waya esontweni futhi uthisha sabefundisi. Phakathi inguquko yokuqala isiRashiya, umfundi waba SR wasiza yendwangu nabasebenzi abasesitelekeni. Ngenxa yalesi waxoshwa esikoleni sobufundisi, ngisho ejele.

Ngemva konyaka, Nikolai Kondratiev sakhululwa wabhalisa eSikoleni of ukulima kanye netekulima edolobheni Ukraine Uman. Ngo-1908 wathuthela Petersburg. Enhloko-dolobha Kondratyev wabe Igumbi ne izifundo zamasiko kanye nososayensi yezenhlalakahle Pitirim Sorokin - umsunguli esizayo inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ncono kwesive.

Ukuqala umsebenzi yesayensi

Ngo-1911, uNikolai Kondratiev wangena Petersburg University. Ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu, wakhetha umnyango wezomnotho kwezombangazwe nezibalo futhi wanquma ukulungiselela ukuthola isihloko Uprofesa.

Ngalesi sikhathi, wahola ezenzweni zobudlova Kondratiev etemibhalo ngokwesayensi. Yena wabambisana ne "Isimemezelo Europe", "isivumelwano" nezinye omagazini, futhi wanikeza izinkulumo wabonisa nesimiso eziningi. Young khona obuhlakani emibuthanweni yesayensi Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky futhi Lva Petrazhitskogo. UProfesa Maxim Kovalevsky wamenza nonobhala wakhe. Ngo-1915, Kondratev Nikolay Dmitrievich eshicilelwe wokulandisa yakhe yokuqala enikelwe umnotho wesifundazwe lakhe lokuzalwa Kostroma.

Ukubamba iqhaza izenzakalo wamavukelambuso

Ngisho njengengxenye wezesayensi Petersburg, Kondratiev wahlala ilungu Socialist Revolutionary Party. Kwaphela isikhathi eside kuye lwenziwe ukubhekwa imfihlo wamaphoyisa omshoshaphansi. Ngo-1913, lapho Russia ayegubha iminyaka engu-300th we Romanov lwamakhosi, Kondratyev wachitha ngenyanga ejele.

umsebenzi Political kwaqina ngemva Economist izenzakalo okungazelelwe we Februwari revolution. Usosayensi esincane sasikanye uyisihambeli III Congress ye-Socialist-Revolutionary Party eMoscow ngo May - June 1917. Kube wenza inkulumo besekela Yesikhashana kaHulumeni. Khona-ke, i-Economist waba umeluleki Kerensky kwezolimo. UNikolai Kondratiev nengxenye ekudalweni loMkhandlu amasekela Abalimi 'futhi bathunyelwe kuzo Zonke-Russian Democratic lenkomfa ngo-September. Economist akhethwe le Yesikhashana oPhethe Republic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wakwazi ukubamba iqhaza emisebenzini ye-Main Land IKomiti iNhlangano nokuBuyiselwa kokuLima.

Ukusiza uhulumeni Kerensky, Kondratiev wazikhandla ukuze anqobe le nkinga ukudla esiqubukile ngenxa yempi eside ngokumelene eJalimane futhi kuncike kubangane bawo. Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela yokuziphilisa kwaphazamisa isimo emphakathini. Ukudala esitebeleni supply system kwenze kube lula ukuba bushelelezi kuwukuphikisana eminingi yomphakathi futhi ugweme inhlekelele yezombangazwe. Nakuba Kondratiev kwaba umsekeli umqondo isimo okusanhlamvu esinakho. Wabuye wabeka amathemba akhe phezu ukucela, nakuba ngo-1917 akunjalo unqume inkinga ukudla - usongo indlala ezinkulu baqhubeka emtini phambi Yesikhashana kaHulumeni.

A ukuhamba kusukela kunqubomgomo

Ngo-October wangonyaka Revolution wathatha Kondratieff ekamu ukuphikiswa. Waba ilungu ababamele Omhlangano Socialist-mbuso. Lapho lwaphuka lokhu umzimba, usosayensi kuhanjiswe ku kuqhathaniswa amaBolshevik "Russian Revival Union". Ngo-1919, Socialist-Revolutionary Party yabekwa sesinqotshiwe ekugcineni. Kondratev Nikolay Dmitrievich kwesokunxele ezombusazwe wazinikela ngokuphelele ukuba isayensi.

Ngemva Revolution Kondratyev wathutha eMoscow. Kube wafundisa emanyuvesi amaningana - University of Shanyavsky Ababambisanayo Institute, Petrovskaya Agricultural Academy. Okwesikhathi esithile endaweni yomsebenzi ka Economist iyona eMoscow Narodny Bank. Ngo-1920, Kondratiev waboshwa futhi waba ummangalelwa endabeni le "Union of Ukuvuselelwa Kwama-Russia." SR Owabe ugcine lokulabhela Alexander Chayanov nakancane nabadumile kwamaBolshevik Ivan Teodorović.

Sebenza State Planning Commission

Imizamo Kondratieff yasungulwa Conjunctural Institute e-Yabantu Commissariat Wezezimali. Economist Soviet ephethwe bayifaka 1920-1928 biennium. Wabuye wasebenza iminyaka emithathu e-Yabantu Commissariat wezoLimo. I-USSR neKomiti KaHulumeni Ukuhlela Kondratiev wawuyingxenye umnyango wezolimo. Usosayensi wahola kwenaba kwesu intuthuko kwimikhakha yezolimo.

Ngo-1922, uNikolai Kondratiev, ogama umnikelo umnotho kakade isimo abasha Soviet kakhulu, waphinda waba yisisulu ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu. Wawuhlanganisiwe uhlu lwabantu engathandeki, ukulungiselela ukuxoshwa ukuphuma ngaphansi kweSoviet Union. Kondratieva yalwela Yabantu Commissariat wezoLimo. Njengoba uchwepheshe ukulawula izinqubo ezibalulekile eziningana, igama lakhe liye lasuswa kusukela lokuvinjiwe.

kwezilwandle

Ngo-1924, Kondratiev waya uhambo phesheya ucwaningo. Waya eJalimane, Canada, e-UK US. Economist kwadingeka bajwayelane izindlela emakethe yamazwe aseNtshonalanga. Lesi senzakalo saba usizo kuye kwenaba izimiso we nep. Kwaba UNikolai Kondratieff (1892-1938) wayengomunye walaba abalandeli eyinhloko inqubomgomo entsha kwezomnotho, okuyinto amaBolshevik owavela emva kweminyaka engamakhulu ka ochithayo impi nobukhomanisi. Njengoba onguchwepheshe Soviet kwadingeka ukuhlola Amathemba nokuthengiswa wase-USSR.

Kondratieff ngamunye, Pitirim Sorokin ngesikhathi ehlala e-United States kakade. Wanikela Nikolayu Dmitrievichu ukuhlala Melika, kukhona esihlalweni inyuvesi ukuhola futhi uzivikele kanjani wena nomndeni wakho, hamba naye phesheya. Nokho, Kondratiev wenqaba ukuba baphonse ekhaya. Yena umxhwele amathuba amasha owavula phambi kwakhe nep.

homecoming

Ngo-1924, sasingakafiki kuqalile kaStalin yokucindezela. Akekho ongalindela ngisho ukuthi kuyoba ezishaqisayo ezaba lanyakazisa iSoviet Union ngo-1930. Izincwadi declassified phakathi Stalin futhi omunye wabagqugquzeli lokwesaba Yakovom Agranovym namuhla ukuthi eyaziwa ekuphetheni Kondratieff wahlukunyezwa ukuze siqu umholi. Nakuba e-US, i-Economist sekunzima ukucabanga into efana naleyo.

Ukubuyela abavela kwamanye amazwe, Kondratiev aqhubeka khona nomsebenzi wakhe asebenzayo emkhakheni yokuhlela kwezomnotho - kwahlongozwa futhi nenza okuthiwa oneminyaka emihlanu isikhathi iminyaka 1923-1928 wezolimo.

Iqhaza umnotho

emsebenzini obaluleke kunayo yonke-theory Kondratiev yanyatheliswa ngo-1925 - "imijikelezo Big conjuncture." Wenza mpikiswano okwandile kokubili eU.SSR phesheya. Kukhona elithi omusha unikezele UNikolai Kondratiev -. 'Economic ukuthuthukiswa nowe "

Ngokusho imfundiso yokuziphendukela usosayensi, umnotho womhlaba eba Kuvunguza. Ups untengantenga cyclical esikhundleni, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ubude lesi sikhathi - iminyaka engaba ngu-50. Ngo-USSR, abaningi ungathandi imibono ukubeka phambili Kondratiev. "Imijikelezo Kondratieff" zazibhekwa njengendawo Ukuhamba kombhali kusukela Marxism.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, Economist esebeké phambili umbono ocatshangelwayo ngaphandle kwesisekelo theory. Kondratyev legunya nje siqu imibono yabo enokwehla. Yena ihlaziye ngokuningiliziwe izibalo kusukela ekupheleni iminotho XVIII ne-US eNtshonalanga Yurophu nokuqala XX leminyaka. Njengoba lo msebenzi, ososayensi baye bakha ihluzo futhi iyisicefe wathola Synchronicity. Kondratiev ezikhonjwe izigaba ezilandelayo ukuthuthukiswa yimuphi umnotho: Ukukhula, phezulu, ukwehla, ukucindezeleka.

Uma eSoviet Union theory ngokugqamile uye ayitholakalanga isicelo, bese phesheya ke baziswa osomnotho abaningi nge idumela emhlabeni wonke. umqondo Kondratieff wasekela Austrian kanye nososayensi waseMelika Yozef Shumpeter. I-Russian kumagugu esizwe nophenyo zuqaliswe kabusha kuphela ngemva yokwakha kabusha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Kondratiev uyasala ucwaningo eziyisisekelo ku Dynamics amanani kuwo impahla yezolimo nezezimboni.

Kushayisana uhulumeni

"Izimo imijikelezo elikhulu" kubangelwa ukwenqaba ubuholi Soviet. Ngokushesha ngemuva kokushicilelwa wokulandisa waqala badgering magazini Kondratieva, umhleli okwakunzima UGrigory Zinoviev. Akuzange impikiswano yesayensi. Ukugxekwa kwakunjani snitching. Nakuba ubuholi Soviet ngemva kokufa kukaLenin kwaba nedlanzana iluma amandla amaBolshevik, kuba pheze ngokuphelele hhayi wahlupheka Kondratiev.

Ukukhethwa kwaba Mikhail Kalinin. kamuva Stalin abakhipha kuye zihlangene kakhulu Kondratyev. UNikolai Bukharin asekelwe imibono theory usosayensi (futhi lapho Bukharin ngaquliswa icala, ngagwetshwa kwaba sekufeni, kuhlanganise KwamaBolshevik osolwa emunye yezombangazwe Economist ahlaza).

ihlazo

Nakuba "imijikelezo Kondratieff" Kondratieff kanye nazo zonke ezinye izinhlelo zalo zezomnotho baye bahlaselwa ezingeni eliphezulu, usosayensi wayecabanga ukuthi ngeke bathathe izikhundla zabo ngaphandle kokulwa. Wavikela nokufaneleka sakhe siqu ngokungcweliswa namajenali nasemihlanganweni. Ikakhulukazi abatelekile kwaba inkulumo yakhe ngolimi iCommunist Academy, eyaqala ngo-November 1926. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Kondratyev wabhala imibiko kanye memos CC.

Ngo-1927, ephephabhukwini "kwamaBolshevik" elikhulu onesihloko esithi "salenhlangano kulak" yavela isihloko esilandelayo Zinoviev. Ubeka ithoni lapho zokugcina amagalelo ebulalayo abangu inflicted kamuva Kondratiev. Bemanga ngokuthi azwelana ngezibhakela futhi kuthiya socialism babengagcini nje izinsongo, kulandele izenzo yangempela i-KGB.

Nomthandazo in aid

amadili theory kanye incwadi Nikolaya Kondrateva waqala lasuka embonweni wokuthi umnotfo kumele kancane kancane. Lomgomo kuphambene ekubalekeni uStalin ngawo ligcina uthi lokuphotha luzungeza baphotha kwezimboni Soviet. Ikakhulu ngoba lokhu ngo-1928 Kondratiev isuswe kusukela ubuholi brainchild zabo - nezikhungo conjunctural, futhi waxoshwa kubo ekuphileni zezemfundo.

Ngo-1930, uNikolai Sorokin wabhalela umngane wakhe incwadi, ezazilethwa United States ngokungemthetho ngokusebenzisa Finland. Esigijimini esasiya usosayensi kuchazwe kafushane ezethusayo elikhulayo ngokoqobo Soviet: i abaphucwa we kulaks emaphandleni, ingcindezi nezazi. Ngaphandle umsebenzi Kondratiev mina ngisaba ngenxa yendlala. Wacela usizo Sorokina. Waphenduka kuSamuweli Harper - UProfesa, University of Chicago, wayevame eSoviet Union.

Yokubopha nokuvalelwa

Kolunye uhambo eSoviet Union izikhathi eziningana Harper wahlangana Kondratyev. Ngolunye usuku bobabili wafika bavumelana pre-ukudayiswa, lapho bebehlala khona elinde ejenti ye-GPU. Kondratiev waboshwa. Kwakungunyaka ka-1930.

Behleli ejele, osomnotho aqhubeke nomsebenzi wakhe ngokwesayensi. Ekuphetheni, wabhala imisebenzi eminingana. Ngokusemthethweni, uNikolai Kondratiev, ogama biography ixhunyaniswe Socialist-mbuso ngisho Kerensky, ngaquliswa icala ngamacala Workers futhi Abalimi 'Party. Ngo-1932, wagwetshwa iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili ejele. Kondratiev waya Suzdal isolator zezombusazwe. Elapho, waqhubeka ukubhala.

Ezinikezelwe imodeli Macro ebudlelwaneni kwezomnotho ezisekhona umsebenzi eyodwa kuphela esikhathini Suzdal. Nakuba ngesikhathi ngisejele, usosayensi wabukela njengoba iba izwe wokulandisa ezidumile izibikezelo kwezomnotho zigcwaliseka. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, wayengumuntu kokwenzeka ngaphezulu ngokuhlukana ophoqelelwe kusukela kumsebenzi logcwele wesayensi.

Ukudutshulwa nokuvuselelwa

Nakuba iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili ziye kwaleso esibekiwe, esinguJesu Kondratiev akalindanga wenkululeko. Ngo-1938, ngesikhathi ibambene Esibhicongweni Omkhulu, kwathiwa wehlulelwa Collegium Military seNkantolo eU.SSR Ephakeme. Ngo-September 17, usosayensi esingu. ubudlova Indawo isibe ipholigoni "Kommunarka". Kukhona becindezela angcwatshwe.

Ngo-1963, ngemva XX iCongress of the CPSU, Kondratieff ukuthi avuselelwa, nakuba leli qiniso ungenziwanga yomphakathi. Scientific ifa Economist iminyaka eminingi waqhubeka into kweligama nokugxeka isayensi olusemthethweni Soviet. Ekugcineni igama ezinhle Kondratieff ibuyiselwe phakathi yokwakha kabusha ngo-1987, lapho kwaba okwesibili avuselelwa (kulokhu uzakwabo zonakale Aleksandrom Chayanovym).