Ikhodi lokuqala Law yanyatheliswa ... eMthethweni 1497 - sici. Imiphumela Sudebnik 1497

Ekupheleni kwekhulu xv umhlaba Russian sihlangabezane mlando entsha emlandweni walo. Ngalesi sikhathi, izikhulu eMoscow kwadingeka ngenze izinqumo ezazizosiza uvikelekile lonke izwe futhi uwagcine ndawonye. Ikhodi lokuqala Law yanyatheliswa ngqo le njongo.

State ngaphambi ukwamukelwa of incwadi ebalulekile

Kusukela 1132 iqala kwesikhathi yalokhu kuhlukana emlandweni Russian. Old isimo Russian nesikhungo salo cishe lashabalala eKiev. Nakuba izikhulu futhi wabalwela isihlalo sobukhosi Kiev, kodwa ukunqoba yabo awazange asho ukuthi ngeke uyiphathe ngesandla amandla phezu wonke amazwe Russian. Maduze nje Kiev ezibonakalayo kwaphangwa, kanye izakhamuzi zomuzi wakubo luhlangabezane kwamanye amazwe, lapho ukuthola insindiso evela abantu abayimizulane kanye nezimpi.

Esimweni lapho umzalwane walwa umfowabo, indodana yakhe - uyise, emazweni Russian babe izisulu ezilula izizwe zakwa ayimizulane. Phakathi nale minyaka, bazuza amandla izizwe Mongol-Tatar. Dissociation wezikhulu Russian kanye nokuntuleka umyalo ezivamile wasiza abahlaseli ukugqilaza Old isimo Russian iminyaka eminingi ezayo.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, emadolobheni amaningana esekhokha amandla okubhekana ngokwanele ukuba abe maphakathi isimo esisha. Ngenxa ezindawo zayo kunenzuzo isikhundla, ukuhlakanipha nobuqili sezikhulu zendawo ukusekelwa leSonto Lobu-Orthodox eMoscow wakwazi ukunqoba kule ngxabano.

Moscow Izikhulu amashumi eminyaka bahlangana emazweni Russian. Ngiqeda okwenza isimo esisha, u-Ivan III. Lokhu kwakudinga ukudalwa iqoqo imithetho ngalo bangaba khona. Inkosi wayelazi leli isidingo. Ikhodi lokuqala Law yanyatheliswa ngo 1497.

Ivan Iii

Ivan Ngazalelwa eMoscow ngo-1440. Uyise wayengumGreki Vasily II, wethiwa Dark. Uyise ka-Ivan nengxenye feuds kwesikhulu. Yilokho lapho wathola isidlaliso sakhe. Emzamweni ukuphuca Basil amandla namakhono ukulwa, wathumba awakhipha amehlo akhe. Basil II ngasinda futhi wathatha isihlalo sobukhosi. Kodwa wayedinga usizo.

Umsizi ukuze sibe uhlobo lomuntu Vasiliy Temny ukwethemba kanye ngokwakho. Ivan, indodana yakhe, ngagxila ekuxazululeni izinkinga zomphakathi njengoba ayeseneminyaka engu-16 ubudala. iminyaka 6 nangemva kwalesi senzakalo, Vasiliy Temny wafa.

Ivan III kwadingeka ezizofakwa emazweni awo Novgorod, Tver nezinye indawo abaningi abacebile. Yaphela ngokukhululwa umbusi ukubhaliswa isimo Russian. Futhi kwaba naye kwaba noshintsho ekuphathweni, okuzokwenza ukunquma umlando we lawobaba iminyaka eminingi.

Engaba nawo ngemva kokungcwaba kumkakhe wokuqala, u-Ivan Iii enquma ukushada futhi. Lesi sikhathi loyo kuba Umshana zinyanga umbusi WaseByzantium Sofya Paleolog. Ngemva kwezingxoxo ezinde, efika eMoscow waba mfazi umbusi waseRussia.

Abaphila Besikhathi wabhala ukuthi Sofia wayehlakaniphe kakhulu nowesifazane ngobuqili. Yena ukuthonywa umyeni wakhe futhi esamenza, ukuthi kuphela indlela WaseByzantium zokuphila angabizwa ngokuthi eyodwa kuphela elungile. Inkulumo unkosikazi bathandile Ivan III, ngoba ngokushesha nje ngemva komshado, wayemuhle ashintshe.

enkantolo WaseByzantium libhekene ubukhazikhazi kanye nengcebo isimo. Ceremony, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho izifundo wavuma abone ubuncane bakhe uma eqhathaniswa inkosi, umbusi ephakeme nasendaweni kugcizelelwe kwendlela uNkulunkulu asungula ngayo amandla akhe. Ngemva komshado nge Sofey Paleolog, Ivan III esungulwe imithetho efanayo futhi izwe lokuzalwa kwakhe. Ngaphandle isiko yathathwa yi elingenamikhono izingalo waseByzantium. Ivan III nenzalo yakhe manje sezibhekwa njengezindawo abavikeli eyinhloko ukholo Orthodox, izindlalifa waseByzantium.

kulondolozwe amasiko

Ivan Iii ukungawuthathi izingozi futhi ngenze ushintsho olukhulu isiko ezimisiwe beqhuba ezombusazwe yasekhaya. Abaningi imithetho yokutholwa esikhathini esidlule, walondoloza ukhona. Phakathi kwalabo kwenzakala "Udla". Phakathi nokwahlukana Kievan Rus endaweni has principalities eziningana ezincane, okuyinto zingafani usayizi nengcebo. Ngo iningi laba babusi abangamaqaba ukuphatha emazweni awo, kwezinye base welulekana boyars.

Uma izwe sasisikhulu kakhulu ukuphatha ke bebodwa, Prince ethuma yiphini lakhe. Abanaso uthola iholo, kodwa Nokho, ziphila ngokunethezeka: zazivunyelwa ukuba ingcebo emazweni ezithoba kubo. Ababusi ifike inkunzi abalimi kanye netingcweti temsebenti. Wawuzoba ilungelo lokuthatha izintela ezimba eqolo ngendlela imali nokudla.

Ikhodi eMthethweni 1497 wahlala "Udla", naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi babangela buhlungu omkhulu ukuze abantukazana. Kodwa ngemuva kokushicilelwa Ikhodi Imithetho eyayibekwe usayizi zabo ngqo, idlule ukuthi akekho owakwazi.

Inkantolo futhi zomthetho

Ukudala Ikhodi lokuqala Law, Ivan Iii ngaphambilini ukuthi ukunakekelwa okukhethekile sakhokhwa hhayi imithetho nenqubo. Ngoba kule dokhumenti eceleni liyasho ngubani futhi indlela yokwenza izinqumo.

Bahlulelwe boyars, yizikhonzi kanye onobhala. Kuleso simo, uma ubugebengu sibucayi, futhi kwakungelula ukuxazulula, inkantolo iphethe Grand Duke yena.

Ikhodi lokuqala Law yanyatheliswa futhi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukungathathi ihlangothi ekujezisweni, ngoba imithetho yokuqala ngokumelene ukufumbathisa kwangena. AbaHluleli banqatshelwe nokwamukela izipho imali abahlanganyeli ekuqhubeni futhi senze izinqumo ezisekelwe esikuthandayo.

Uma kwenzeka ukuthi kwakunzima ukunquma ukuthi ubani kwesokudla futhi ubani akulungile, amelana enkantolo. Ukuze sithole secala, ummangali kanye ummangalelwa zempi yokulwa nomunye nje omunye wabo ukuthi kuwina bani. Nokho, akekho noyedwa abahlanganyeli akazange bese kudingeka ukuba afe. Lokhu kulandelwa abantu ekhethekile. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi omunye amaqembu awukwazanga ukulwa (abesifazane, abantu asebekhulile, abakhubazekile), kwadingeka kutholakale umuntu okungathenjelwa kuye ngeke uyavuma ukulwela izithakazelo zayo.

isijeziso

Ikhodi eMthethweni 1497 futhi equkethwe uhlu kwezijeziso ukuthi abavezwe izigebengu. Kusukela manje, izakhamuzi isimo yayingenalo ilungelo lokuthola ukuzithiba ubulungiswa futhi ajezise izaphula-mthetho. Kwathiwa uvinjelwe legazi umbango.

Okokuqala uvele phakathi izinhlawulo isigwebo sokufa. Ephakeme okungenani obala abenzi bokubi lokubulala, bayahlukunyezwa, izinto ezingcwele, nokunye .. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi kubulawa labo okwesibili uzibophezele ukweba. Ukuze lobugebengu kuqala babhaxabulwa ngeziswebhu esigcawini, ukuze abantu abaningi babone ke isono unga.

Kuleso simo, uma iwayini cishe luhlolwe kodwa lo muntu wenqaba ukuyamukela, Yomthetho 1497 ogunyazwe ukusetshenziswa sokuhlushwa. Le ndlela nokuvuma ukuthola wabonakala okokuqala.

abalimi

kwehlukana Ikakhulukazi eqinile futhi acindezele amaMongol AmaTatar abathintekayo abantukazana. Ezinye athathwa ebugqilini, kuyilapho abanye - Kushone. Kwaze kwaba yilapho sebeshiye amaMongol-AmaTatar ancipha, isimo kancane kancane waqala avuke emlotheni.

Ngaleso sikhathi, lapho Ikhodi lokuqala soMthetho samiswa, kwakukhona kakade abalimi nasekuthengeni. Babizwa ngokuthi niyizinceku, anesimo sezomnotho kwaba akuhlukile isimo sezinceku kwamanye amazwe. Balahlekelwa inkululeko yabo labo bantu abangenawo izindlela ukuba aholele khona ezimele noma isiboshwa ezithathwe ngesikhathi sempi. Ukuba waba yisigqila kukho, umuntu esasizobhujiswa ubugqila yonke inzalo yabo. Lesi sikhundla luthathwe neencekukazi ingane waba yisigqila, ngisho noma uyise wayengumuntu khulula.

abalimi Ubuhlobo futhi bomhlaba Sudebnik 1497

Ngaphambi, lapho Ikhodi lokuqala Law yanyatheliswa, abalimi (hhayi izigqila) wayenelungelo lokwenqaba ukuba zisuke umninindlu kwenye. Ukuze umsebenzi wayo ezweni umlimi lithole loan ngesimo imbewu, amathuluzi kanye nemali. Abanye abanikazi bamazwe futhi ahlinzeke izisebenzi zabo nge izindlu.

Ukuze loan umlimi waphoqeleka ukuba imbewu itshalwe, nokunakekela izitshalo nokuvuna, ukuba ngaleso sikhathi kokukubuyisela umninindlu. Kodwa akekho ongamisa kuye hamba phambi kwalaba kwezitshalo kuvuna. Khona-ke umninindlu kwadingeka ukuba asheshe abheke ntu uzovuma ukuvuna, ukugwema incurring ukulahlekelwa okukhulu nakakhulu. Abaninimhlaba babemagange eMthethweni 1497 ukulungiswa lokhu kungabi nabulungisa.

usuku St George sika

Ivan Iii awuzibe le nkinga. Ngoba Sudebnik lalibukeka umkhawulo kuqala, okuyinto ukhathazekile abantukazana.

Ukwamukelwa Sudebnik elungisa isikhathi uma umninipulazi Yayintininiza komunye umninindlu kwenye. Yaqala kanjalo-ke inkathi ngesonto ngaphambi Day St George sika (26 Okthoba) kanye ngesonto emva. Ngalesi sikhathi lesi sitshalo sesivunwa, abalimi ongakhokhela asebekhulile (inkokhelo yokuhlala ezweni esingalazi, ukusetshenziswa nezinye izinsimbi zomculo zomsebenzi) ukuba umninindlu futhi bathuthele kwelinye.

Akuwona wonke umuntu othande lokhu kabusha. Ngoba abanye abalimi ukwamukelwa Sudebnik bephoqeleka ukuba babalekele kuya Don, okuyinto akha izwe ekhethekile - le Cossacks.

Imithelela idokhumenti

Yomthetho - akusiyo nje iqoqo lemithetho, kodwa futhi ibonisa ukuphila okuhlukumezayo abantu Russian ngaleso sikhathi. Kuyinto kule dokhumenti, cwaningo kanye ukuphila kwezakhamuzi nombuso.

Phakathi ayehlasela AmaTatar e ukwehla weza isiko elidala Russian isimo. Uma, ngaphambi kokufika imihambuma abantu Russian ingathiwa omunye nokubhala kunazo eYurophu, phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, konke kwashintsha. Futhi ukucindezelwa AmaTatar ushintshe sengqondo Russian abantu, okuyinto kungabonakala Sudebnik.

Ukwamukelwa Sudebnik lokuqala kwakusho ukuvela kwezindaba sentambo, sokuhlushwa. Akukaze ngaphambili kube khona isijeziso esinjalo elibuhlungu ubugebengu. Futhi eminyakeni kuzoba nje yohlobo lwazo.

AmaBolshevik, echaza imiphumela Sudebnik 1497, wayekholelwa ukuthi kwakuwumsebenzi ke eqale ababagqilazayo abalimi. Kodwa banephutha. Nakuba kwathiwa kungagcini ukwedlulela abalimi komunye umninindlu komunye, leli qiniso akakwazi ngokuthi kuzalwa of serfdom. Yaqala ukubonakala lapho izindlalifa Ivan III. A kukhanselwe kwaba kuphela ngemva izinguquko ka-Alexander II - omunye omele kombuso elibusayo.

Ikhodi lokuqala soMthetho samiswa ukusombulula ukuphila isimo esisha nesikhungo salo eMoscow. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we okokuqala kukhona imithetho emisha, ezinye zazo ezathathwa iqiniso Russian - isethi lokuqala imithetho. Kodwa yonke imithetho okumele Ikhodi wokuqala Russian Yomthetho, ibonisa impilo enzima ezweni isiRashiya, isazama kwejoka AmaTatar.