Zasulich Vera Ivanovna: Biography, Uzame Trepov

Zasulich Vera Ivanovna kuyinto emlandweni kakhulu. Labo abangavumelani nesithakazelo ngokukhethekile imininingwane Biography of the owesifazane kungenzeka ukuthi uyikhumbule esithombeni Heroine, owadubula imibuthano exokozelayo olusemthethweni Trepov. Naphezu kobukhulu icala futhi iqiniso ukuthi zazihlose ubugebengu esibi kunazo - ukubulala indoda, amajaji kwakufaneleka ngokugcwele ku inkantolo. Iziphathimandla zendawo baye bangavumelani ngokunamandla lesi sinqumo futhi ngosuku olulandelayo wakhipha umyalelo wokuba kabusha ukuboshwa Zasulich. Kodwa kuze kube yilapho isinqumo esinjalo sathathwa, Vera yakwazi ukuhamba kuleli zwe futhi ugweme ejele.

udumo emhlabeni wonke

Ngenxa yokuthi icala Vera Zasulich kanye wakhulelwa impendulo international, igama lakhe abantu abaningi sizihlanganise nabantu ubulungiswa kanye neqiniso lokuthi wayeseholela wabhala umthetho akuzona jikelele. Ngemisebenzi ezifuyiwe umlando ke okukhulunywa njengoba umlobi, umhumushi imisebenzi Marx no Engels, Umshicilelo kanye imisebenzi Russian isibalo somphakathi.

Ngo imithombo eminingi, libizwa ngokuthi umhleli lenhlangano sokuqala ngqa kaMarx ngokuthi "Ukukhululwa wezeMisebenzi". Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, abanye abangase ngokucophelela wafunda ulwazi mayelana Ukholo, walibiza elula lomphangi, bespredelschitsey, amaphekula futhi anarchist.

Zasulich Vera Ivanovna: Biography, ebuntwaneni kanye nomndeni

Julayi 27, 1849 edolobhaneni elincane Russian of Mikhailovka, okuyinto ngokwendawo kungokwalabo sifundazwe Smolensk, wazalwa intombazane Ukholo. Umndeni wakhe akakwazanga ukuziqhayisa engenayo ekhethekile, ngoba abazali babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli ezicukuthwaneni abampofu. Ngaphezu Ukholo bona wayenamadodakazi amabili ngaphezulu. Ubaba - Ivan Zasulich kwaba isikhulu osethathe umhlalaphansi. Washona ngo 1852, lapho Ukholo yayineminyaka emithathu kuphela ubudala. Umama ayikwazanga ukuba wondle izingane zawo ezintathu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, omunye wamadodakazi zanquma ukubathumela isihlobo ocebile. Kukhethwa yawa phezu kwezinsizwa Ukholo waya emzaneni Byakolovo lapho u-anti wakhe wahlala. Kube isidlulile zonke ebuntwaneni, futhi kuba izihlobo ngokuphelele wavusa intombazane.

Ubusha bazo kanye nemfundo

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-nanhlanu Zasulich Vera Ivanovna wathunyelwa a boarding indlu yangasese eMoscow. Kube watadisha izilimi futhi ukulungele ukusebenza njengoba umphathi. Ngiphephile yingcweti kahle konke ezifundiswa endlini eqashisayo eyayiqhele yesayensi, e-1867 wathola i-diploma Vera ikhaya uthisha, futhi nalo waya anqobe Petersburg. Ngokudabukisayo, entombazaneni esencane kungekho isipiliyoni kanye nezincomo Angitholanga umsebenzi emkhakheni wabo. Njengoba imali ukuphila kwakusadingeka imali, wayekhulelwe sekuseduze ukuba abelethe imantshi. Ngemva kokukhonza umabhalane wakhe isikhathi esingangonyaka, Vera ushiye umsebenzi futhi wanquma libuyele khona enhlokodolobha. Kube aluthole a perepletchitsey umsebenzi bese uthole ukufinyelela ukhululekile ezihlukahlukene izincwadi, ukufunda kanye njalo wahlanganyela self-ngcono. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi Zassulich iqaphela nesifiso esinamandla sokuthola inguqula-mbuso, futhi isifiso sokuba asebenzayo.

Iqhaza ukunyakaza yezinguquko kanye ukwazana ebulalayo nge Nechayev

Wayephila Petersburg, nje unyaka, Zasulich Vera Ivanovna wakwazi ukuthatha nengxenye emsebenzini imibuthano eziningi izinguquko. Ekupheleni 1862, ngokuvakashela esinye sazo, wahlangana ne notorious Nechaev wamavukelambuso. Spotted Ukholo ngokusobala okwenza phandle nentshiseko yakhe izinguquko kanye engaba eside, wazama isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuze ayenge wakhe enhlanganweni yakhe ngokuthi "ukubhuqwa Yabantu".

Zasulich sinqatshiwe iziphakamiso ezinjalo, ngoba ngangicabanga yonke imibono Nechaeva zingaphezu kwamandla futhi kumnandi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, asele ukubukwa priverzhenka wamavukelambuso, walishiya kuye ikheli lakhe. Kamuva Nechayev esetshenziswa ukuthumela nokwamukela ama-imeyli illegals. Enye yalezi zincwadi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukholo lwakhe akazange ngisho ukufunda, futhi ombangela ukuboshwa yakhe yokuqala.

Nokugqunywa ejele

Ngesikhathi sokudlulisa, incwadi eya kwelinye illegals Zasulich Vera Ivanovna waboshwa okokuqala. Cishe ngonyaka, ayehlala emboniselweni.

Cishe eminyakeni engu-2 owesifazane mahhala, kodwa nje ngokushesha kabusha aboshwa ngenxa yokusakaza izincwadi ezingekho emthethweni, njengesijeziso bathunjwe. Ukholo ukukhonza yakhe yokuqala esifundazweni Novgorod ke e Tver.

Life emva Zasulich izixhumanisi

Ngo-1875, yena livela laseKharkov. Ngaso sonke isikhathi yena ingaphansi eduze amaphoyisa kwezobunhloli. Ukuze ngandlela-thile uhlele ukuphila kwabo kwesikhathi esizayo, Vera enquma ukuba ungenele izifundo sababelethisi, kodwa futhi nge imisebenzi wamavukelambuso it is ngithi goodbye ngokugcwele kunoma isiphi isimo ngeke.

Ngo-1872 waba ilungu "abadlubulundayo Southern", esemgwaqweni e Kiev, kodwa kwadingeka amahhovisi ayo lonke elase-Ukraine. Ukuba zezikhulu zayo, Ukholo wathatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo enhlanganweni ongumlimi yokuvukela. Ngemva uchungechunge kwezithiyo Zassulich ubuyela Petersburg waqala ukusebenza kwenye yezindlu ekunyatheliseni izincwadi ngomshoshaphansi, elalingelamaFilisti inhlangano "Land and Freedom". Ukholo wangena ezinhlwini zayo, futhi ngemva lemali esifushane, ngoJanuwari 1878, yena ewuhlasela edume ku Trepov.

imeya iphutha ngalinye elingasho lutho, enraging Zassulich

Uma eduze iKazan Cathedral iqembu labafundi lahlela ukuba ukuboniswa. Ukuze iqhaza kuwo ngo-December 1876 waboshwa futhi wagwetshwa kanzima umfundi Bogolyubov. Ngaleso sikhathi, kuhlawuliswa nokuhlukunyezwa iziboshwa ngezizathu zezombangazwe avinjelwa ngokuqinile. Kodwa ngo-oda lemeya Trepov Bogolyubov ukuthi wahlela ukuba ajeziswe kanzima ngezinduku. Kuze kube manje, ulwazi kwaziwa ukuthi iminyaka engu-2 ngemuva kwesigameko, umfundi washonela esibhedlela. Kulokhu, ngenxa isijeziso ngaphambilini sidluliselwe Bogolyubov ubekade isimo uhlanya emnyama.

Isizathu ukuthi imeya wayala ukushaya Man ngezinduku, kwaba ukuthi Bogolyubov akazange suka isigqoko phambi kwakhe kanjalo ebonisa indelelo yabo esemthethweni yenkosi. Lesi sinqumo Trepov okubangelwa resonance phakathi abantu abavamile futhi Yiqiniso, abaningi abathukuthele. Asikwazanga ukushiya leli qiniso ngaphandle ukunakwa mbuso.

ukuzama ukubulala

Omunye walabo kwakubacasula nangobudlova lemeya, kwaba Vera Zasulich.
Umzamo empilweni Trepov, okuyinto wamitha uhlelekile futhi kwenziwe, wehlela emlandweni futhi waletha udumo lwakhe ngendlela engakholeki. Kamuva Ilungile wesenzo kuyakuba izimpawu njengoba isenzo amaphekula, nokholo ngokwalo izoshayela intombazane, oye bandisa isenzo sakhe ukwesaba wamavukelambuso kulo lonke elaseRussia.

Lapho sihlela abashise, Zasulich ubhalisele aphoyintimenti siqu kanye nalo mbusi. Ekuseni ngo-January 24, 1878, wahamba waya ehhovisi lakhe futhi walenza shot ukuthi kabi Trepov. Vera waboshwa endaweni.

Amalungu inkantolo kufakwe umlando umthetho

usihlalo Peterburg we District Court ngaleli phuzu kwaba A. F. Koni. Inhloko ehhovisi St Petersburg lomshushisi waphikelela ngokuthi icala Zasulich ixazululwe ngokuthi amajaji, ngoba isifiso ababekhathazeke ngayo kakhulu kwakuwukutholela ukunciphisa isici zezombusazwe kuqhubeka icala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo abantu abavamile babekholelwa Trepov elonakele isifumbathiso-ukungakhethi, ngisho ukubanika oda ziphephule Bogolyubov izinduku, idumela lakhe emphakathini yayingeyinhle. Ngemva indaba isijeziso umbono yomfundi ngakho, yebo, akazange ngcono. Ngakho isinqumo ukuthi isinqumo amajaji azophikisana, odlale ezandleni Zasulich.

Ekuqaleni wayengatholi esizwa ummeli, kodwa ngemva kokufunda wakhe okhethwe umshushisi icala ishidi Faith sabona ukuthi akuwona yena yini ukuyikhulisa kahle. Akhe sizo ekuvikeleni lalineseluleko eziningi (njenganoma yikuphi mmeli kukhanye icala ephezulu iphrofayela enjalo), kodwa abakukhethayo kunikezwa Petru Aleksandrovu.

Wayeyindodana zompristi kanye ngaphambili wasebenza njengendlela umshushisi ekamelweni enkantolo. Lapho bexoxa uzakwabo Alexander waqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi wayengeke uzokwenza konke okusemandleni akhe ukuze uwine icala Zasulich. Futhi abalungisisayo ngokugcwele amathemba of the Faith. Ngenxa inkulumo yakhe ekhaliphile, amajaji umthole engenacala.

Life emva ukukhululwa

Njengoba iziphathimandla zendawo behluleka ukuvikela ukusabalala kwemibono phakathi kubantu engaciba nezikhulu ezinezikhundla eziphezulu, bese ukulungisiswa, ngakusasa ngesinqumo senkantolo ukuvusela kanye nokuvalelwa isinqumo esisha esikhishwe Ekukholweni. Kusolwa ukuba umphumela umcimbi, futhi cishe ngokushesha ngemva kokukhululwa kwakhe ngosizo abangane Zassulich babalekela eSwitzerland. Wabuyela ekhaya kuphela ngo-1879 futhi ngokushesha kanye Plekhanov waqala ukuthatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ukudalwa inhlangano "Black lokwabiwa kabusha".

Vera wazama ukucabanga indlela lokho okubizwa ngomlobokazi "ubuphekula ngabanye", kodwa ngaphandle kwalokho kakhulu ngokushesha wamdumaza kanjani ukusebenza yayo, ngakho-ke phezu Waphinda ebhekene buyingozi kokuboshwa kwesibili. Yingaleso sikhathi ekuphileni kwakhe, futhi esimweni sesibili ka ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe ophoqelelwe - Zassulich esegijima kwesokunxele for Paris.

umsebenzi wamavukelambuso

Nakuba eFrance, Vera Ivanovna uqoqa imali leziboshwa zezombusazwe Russian. ukubukwa wakhe ku ukwesaba kwashintsha ngokuphelele, futhi liba priverzhenka Marxism wamavukelambuso. It uhumusha Russian umsebenzi Marx no Engels, Umshicilelo inyathelisa izihloko lakhe ngayo embusweni omagazini amaningi aseYurophu. Ngokulandelayo, wathuthela eLondon, lapho kuholela i imisebenzi asebenzayo lesibonwa, emsebenzini ngokwesayensi. Nakuba e-Geneva, e-1883, uVera baba ngokuzimisela ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane "Ukukhululwa wezeMisebenzi" eyayikhuluma ngosizo abathutha Russian. Kwaba kuphela 1899 ngegama okungelona akwazi ukuhamba emuva Petersburg. Wayengumngane mathupha ujwayelene Lenin, yayiyingxenye Board womhleli umagazini "Zorya" futhi iphephandaba "Iskra".

ukufa Zasulich

Naphezu kwezithiyo ezinjalo ukuvivinya ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe Vera Zasulich wazizwa ukudumala nje. Ngokwakha isipiliyoni yayo enhle, it is kakhulu senqaba futhi kuqhathaniswa zonke izinhlobo ubuphekula njengoba umzabalazo esashintsha.

Februwari izenzakalo kuka-1917, wathatha njengoba kwaba nombhikisho wobunxiwankulu-yeningi, kodwa hhayi abantu. Ngo-October wangonyaka Revolution uye wamngenisa okukhulu eyodwa kuphela. Zasulich wabhala ukuthi kusungulwa amandla Soviet kuyinto esibukweni kuphela nomfanekiso + walowo langaphambilini, umbuso tsarist.

Vera Ivanovna wafa Meyi 8, 1919. Yena wembelwa volkov emathuneni eduze lengcwaba Plekhanov.