Umnotho wezepolotiki. I-Neoliberalism yi ... (incazelo) I-Neo-liberalism: izikole ze-neo-liberalism, abamele

Isayensi yezomnotho isize kakhulu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube namuhla. Amaphuzu amaningi nemithetho atholakele kuye, izindlela ezifanele kakhulu zokuziphatha komsebenzi womnotho womuntu zaphenywa futhi zakhiwa ngesisekelo sabo. Umnotho wezepolotiki uthatha imibuzo eminingi yombono owela ngaphansi kwekhono layo. Izimfundiso ezintsha, imibono, amaphethini kanye nezizathu ezifanelwe kufanele zithole ukunakwa okukhulu kososayensi, ngoba inhlalakahle yomphakathi wonke incike kulokhu. I-Neo-liberalism imfundiso entsha yezomnotho, izici eziyinhloko zazo kanye nezikhombandlela ekuhloliseni iqiniso lifanelwe ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela.

Isikhathi

I-neo-liberalalism ibhekisela ekuqondisweni okusha emnothweni, okubeka isimiso sokungahambisani nombuso ekulawuleni ubudlelwane phakathi kwezihloko zokuhweba, ubudlelwane bokukhiqiza njengenhloko yenhlangano ejwayelekile yokuphatha. Lesi siqondiso sakhiwa ngekhulu le-19.

Imvelaphi yale mbono itholakala ohlelweni lokubukwa kwamahhala ososayensi baseBrithani u-A. Smith noD. D. Ricardo. Ngokombono wabo, umbuso kufanele ungenele emisebenzini yezomnotho yezifundo kancane kancane.

I-neo-liberalism nayo yimbangela yokucabanga kwesikole saseJalimane, abameleli babo babephakathi kokuqala ukubhekelela umnotho wezepolitiki njengosayensi yokuqhuba umnotho wezwe.

Ukuthuthukiswa nokuthuthukiswa, ukungazinzi kwezombusazwe kwezombusazwe kanye nezomnotho kwakha iziqondiso eziningi nokuzivocavoca, futhi kwaba yisisekelo sokucwaninga okuqhubekayo ososayensi emhlabeni jikelele.

Abameleli abadume kakhulu

I-neo-liberalisalism, abameleli bayo babhekisela ekuthambekeleni kwamanje kwezesayensi yezomnotho, kubonisa ngokuyinhloko i-Keynesianism. Ngokombono wabo, indima yombuso iwukuqinisekisa kuphela ukuthi izimo ezidingekayo zokudala ukuncintisana nokuqapha ezindaweni lapho lezi zimiso zingekho khona.

Izikole ze-Neo-liberal zihlanganisa izikole ezifana neNeo-Austrian (V. Hayek), Chicago (M. Friedman), Friburg (uL. Erhard noV. Oiken).

Ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kokubukwa kunqume ukuthuthukiswa kwezikole eziningi kanye nezindlela zokutadisha amaphethini eqiniso lomnotho.

Izimiso eziyisisekelo

Kunezimiso eziningana eziyisisekelo zokwenzakala kwamafutha. Bakhetha ukuthi yiyiphi imfundiso yalezi ziqondiso. Ukungazinzi ngokwezomnotho kusekelwe ezimisweni ezinjengamalungelo abantu kanye nenkululeko, umthethosisekelo, ukulingana kwawo wonke amalungu omphakathi. Izici ezithinta ukuthuthukiswa kobudlelwane bezomnotho yizobunikazi bomuntu siqu kanye nosomabhizinisi.

Ukuzilawula komnotho wezomakethe kufanele futhi kubangele ezenzweni zokuphathwa phakathi kwenhlalo yomphakathi. Ukuhlelwa kabusha kwemali engenayo kumele kubhekane nezithakazelo zabampofu kuqala. Lokhu kuqinisa ubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle.

Ngokusekelwe ezimisweni eziyinhloko zokukhululeka, i-neo-liberalism yakwazi ukuvumelanisa nokutholwa kwezingqinamba ezintsha nezinkombandlela ezikhethekile kwezinye izinhlelo zezomnotho (kubandakanya ukuhlalisana kwabantu).

I-Historical School yaseJalimane

Ekhulwini le-19, eJalimane, isikole esikoleni sokusatshalaliswa asizange sithole. Ngakho-ke, kwavela umkhuba womlando, owawusekelwe emibhalweni eminingi. Abameleli balo baphikisa ukuthi imithetho ejwayelekile yomnotho wokukhiqiza nokusabalalisa kuyiqiniso, futhi i-neo-liberalism ichaza ukuthuthukiswa okulungile. Izikole ze-neo-liberalism kule ndlela zazibona ukuthi inhlangano yezomnotho yezwe ngalinye kufanele ihambisane nemithetho yayo. Zinqunywe isikhundla sendawo nomlando, amasiko namasiko wezwe.

Kunezinyathelo ezintathu zokuthuthukiswa kwalesi siqondiso. Iyokuqala ibhalwe kuma-40-60s ekhulwini le-19. Lona okuthiwa i-Old Historical School. Isigaba sesibili sasiqala kusukela kuma-70 kuya kwezingu-90 zekhulu le-19. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwakhiwa i-New Historical School. Khona-ke isiqondiso sakamuva sakhiwe. Ekhulwini lesithathu leminyaka yekhulu lama-20, kwavela iSikole Esisha SaseMlando Esimangalisayo.

Isikole esidala semlando

Wasungula iSikole Somlando sikaFiszt, owayephikisa izigaba zesiNgisi. Wachaza imiqondo eyisisekelo ekhombisa ukukholelwa kobuciko. Izikole ze-neo-liberalism, ezisekelwe emva kwalesi sikhathi, zilondoloze izimiso eziyisisekelo zemibono yakhe.

Imfuyo yomphakathi, ngokulandela abalandeli balo mkhakha, ifinyelelwa ngemisebenzi ehambisanayo yabantu. Izombusazwe kumele zihlanganise abantu futhi zifundise isizwe ngamagugu okuthuthukiswa kwezimboni. Kwesigaba ngasinye sokukhiqiza, uhlelo kumele luqaliswe, oluvumela ukufinyelela kuzo zonke izigaba zomphakathi ezingeni eliphezulu.

Umbuso, ngokusho kukaLiszt, kumele uhlanganise sonke isizwe, izigaba ezizimele ezizimele. Iqondisa imizamo emikhulu yezixhumanisi ngabanye ngendlela efanele ekufezeni izithakazelo zesikhathi eside zomphakathi.

I-New Historical School

Isiqondiso esilandela kamuva sakha inkolelo ye-néoliberalism ezimweni ezintsha. I-Germany ngaleso sikhathi yayivele ikhona njengesizwe esihlangene, kodwa inkolo yombuso kanye nomzwelo womzwelo womzwelo wabonakala ngale nkathi.

Omunye wabamele abavelele be-neo-liberalism ngaleso sikhathi kwakunguG. Shmoller. Ukhulume ngesidingo sokuxhumanisa lo mkhuba ngokuziphatha, imiphakathi, umlando kanye nesayensi yezombangazwe.

Ekusebenzeni kwezomnotho, uShmoller wahlukanisa izindawo ezintathu zomsebenzi: isithakazelo somuntu siqu, izimiso zomphakathi, uthando. Emisebenzini yabamele abameli bale mibono babona ukukhathazeka ngemfundo, mayelana nempilo yabantu, mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kobudlelwane bomphakathi wangaphakathi, mayelana nabantu asebekhulile, abantwana, abakhubazekile. UL. Brentano waqhubeka nomqondo wokuqeda ukungalingani phakathi kwabasebenzi.

Isikole esisha somlando

I-neoliberalism yezombangazwe yafinyelela ekugqamile kakhulu empini yangaphambi kwempi. I-Sombart emisebenzini yakhe ihluke "isizwe sabathengisi" (amaNgisi) "esizweni samaqhawe" (amaJalimane). Ukholelwa ukuthi labo abakuleli banelungelo, ngokusizwa ngamandla empi, ukuba basuse kulokho ababekutholile ngaphezu kweminyaka yokuthuthukiswa kobudlelwano babo bezohwebo kanye nomkhakha.

Lesi siqondiso sabhekisela kuhulumeni imisebenzi yomqali wokuhlela ukuthuthukiswa komnotho kazwelonke. Lapha imibono yokugxila ngokuqinile kwamandla kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba somphakathi eklasini kuye kwaphakanyiswa. Le mibono isetshenziswe ama-fascists aseJalimane futhi yaba enye yezingxenye eziyinhloko zenqubomgomo yabo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uMe. Weber ucele ukucabangela ukubhekana nezomnotho uma kuqhathaniswa nemodeli yayo enhle. Ukuqaphela ukuphambuka kwayo, izinga lokwehluka kwaphenywa. Imfundiso eyisisekelo ye-néoliberalism, eyasebenza ngalesi sikhathi isikole saseJalimane, yaqhutshelwa kwezinye izinkomba zomcabango wezomnotho, ngokwesibonelo, ekufundeni kwezemelika kanye nokuziphendulela kwamanye amazwe.

Isikole saseFreiburg

Ngokusekelwe emibonweni yesikole esisha somlando, iSikole saseFreiburg sathuthukile. Kubizwa nangokuthi i-ordoliberal. Kodwa-ke, kusukela kulo mbono, ukungazinzi kahle kwemvelo kuyimfundiso ebheka izinqubo zempilo yomphakathi, efakazela ukuthi impahla yomuntu ngamunye kufanele iqiniswe yonke indawo ngemishini yokukhiqiza. Kodwa isimo esivela ekubukeni kwama-neo-liberal of this period kufanele siphazamise emnothweni, ezindleleni zayo zenzuzo kanye nokuncintisana.

Omunye wabamele abavelele ngalesi siqondiso kwakungu-V. Oiken. Wakhetha izinhlobo ezimbili zesimiso sezomnotho. Ngomunye ulawula ukuphathwa komphakathi, kanti kolunye - umphakathi. Lezi zici, ngombono wakhe, zitholakala kuzo zonke izinhlelo. Isibonakaliso esisodwa kuphela esibamba ngaphezulu.

Izikole zase-Chicago ne-Neo-Austrian

Umbono wezomnotho ovelele uFayek ubhekisela esikoleni se-Neo-Austrian . Wathuthukisa imibono ka-A. Smith futhi wakhuluma ngamandla amakhulu okuncintisana. Usosayensi wakhuluma ngokuvela komyalelo wokuzenzekela emnothweni. Ngokombono wakhe, ukuncintisana ngokusebenzisa izinguquko zamanani kwenza kube lula ukuthi abahlanganyeli bemakethe baqonde amathuba okuvula kubo.

Wayekholelwa ukuthi izinqubo zenhlangano engazi lutho zibonakala emakethe. Ngakho-ke, ulwazi kufanele lunikezwe ngaphandle kokuvimbela. Lokhu kuzokwenza bonke abahlanganyeli bemakethe bakwazi ukuzihlela ngendlela engcono kakhulu.

Ummeli oqhakazile wesikole saseChicago nguMnu. Friedman. Wabambelela emcabangweni wokuthi umbuso akufanele uvunyelwe emkhakheni wokulawula ukukhiqizwa, amanani, umsebenzi kanye nokudalwa kwengcebo. Kufanele ilawulwe kuphela izinga lemali ekusakazweni. Ngokusho kwalososayensi, ukuguqulwa kwezinga lemali kunikeza kakhulu isimo semakethe.

UMnu. Fridman uthe ukuhweba kungabamba iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni umphakathi, futhi kuwuvimbele. I-Neoliberalism emnothweni, kusukela ekuboneni kwayo, ivumela ukuvimbela ukuphazanyiswa okungalungile ngamaqembu anentshisekelo abantu. Phela, yonke uhlelo isebenzisa imakethe. Umehluko kuphela emanini lamandla abadlali abahlukene ababa nawo.

Njengoba sazi imibono eyisisekelo kanye nezinkombandlela zokubukwa kwezomnotho zalesi siqondiso, kungaphetha ngokuthi ukungazinzi kahle kwezimali kuyindlela yokubukwa eqinisekisa ukuthi ibusa elibusayo elimakethe yokuzilawula. Umbuso unikezwa umsebenzi othile wokuvimbela.