Ludwig Erhard: Biography, izithombe, kabusha umndeni. I-German isimangaliso kwezomnotho Lyudviga Erharda

Ludwig Erhard, ogama biography Kamuva sizoxoxa ngokuthi, kuyinto sikahulumeni West German eyaziwa kahle. Ngo 1963-66 GG. Wayengumuntu Shansela Federal. Kusukela 1966 kuya ku-1967 gade usihlalo lokuqala iChristian Democratic Union.

Ludwig Erhard: Biography

Uyise wayengumKatolika nonina - engumProthestani-ivangeli. imfundo yesibili Lyudvig Erhard kwaba eNuremberg futhi Fürth. Phakathi Okokuqala Umhlaba, wayelwa wezikhali. Ngo-1918, Erhard walimala. Ngenxa yalokhu ukulimala kwakhe kwatholakala ukuthi yoma abalulekile esandleni sobunxele. Ekuphetheni imisebenzi eyisikhombisa watholakala engakulungele umsebenzi ngokomzimba. Ludwig Erhard nomkhaya wakhe wahlanganyela ibhizinisi elincane. Nokho, ukulimala isibe isithiyo esikhulu ukuze nokuqhubekela phambili komsebenzi kule nkampani kayise.

sezifundo zaseyunivesithi

Esikhathini eNuremberg Institute Ludwig Erhard waqala ukutadisha ezomnotho. Waqhubeka imfundo kwakhe wayengenazo eFrankfurt University. Ukukhumbula umfundi, Ludwig Erhard ukuthi wazizwa enesizungu kule nkathi. Not sikhohlwe umsindo wezwi lakhe, waya epaki lapho ukhuluma ngokuzwakalayo yena. Ukutadisha-University of Frankfurt, Erhard waphawula eliphansi kakhulu yokufundisa. Kule ndaba, wacela ihhovisi inhloko yesikole, yafike welulekwa ukuba bajwayelane Frantsem Oppengeymerom. Waya indoda. Kusukela ngesikhathi bahlangana Ludwig Erhard wacabanga ukuthi Oppenheimer - one of the best ososayensi German ngubani owabeka isisekelo sempilo yalelozwe ovulekile.

self-imfundo

Ngaphambi nje kokuba kuqale Omkhulu Ukucindezeleka Lyudvig Erhard phathelana wahlanganyela self-ucwaningo. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, wamiswa esikhundleni sokuba liSekela lomNqophisi Institute of Economic Research cwaningo eNuremberg. Ngo-1942 umehluko namaNazi emvimba ukushiya isikhungo. Ngonyaka olandelayo, Ludwig Erhard baba inhloko isikhungo esincane ucwaningo. It wadalwa "iqembu yasebukhosini umkhakha." Ukunakwa main ikhokhelwa ekuthuthukiseni maphakathi yizinguquko kwezomnotho, isidingo okwakubekelwa Kusolwa ngemva kokuwa kombuso wamaNazi.

umsebenzi State

Kusukela ngo-September 1945, Ludwig Erhard wakhonza njengoba uNgqongqoshe State umnotho Bavarian. Khona-ke waqhubeka engumfundisi njengoba umphathi womnyango ekhethekile ekubhekaneni imali futhi ukutusa inyathi. Ngo-May 1948, Erhard baba umqondisi woMnyango Economic. Emuva ngo-1946, waqala ukukhuluma mayelana sidzingo setingucuko emkhakheni kwezomnotho. Lyudviga Erharda kwekuhlela kabusha amenyezelwa ngoJuni 18-20, 1948. Kulokhu, lomholi kwadingeka umsebenzi siqu kwi ukuxegiswa emkhakheni kwezomnotho e-Germany. Ngokusho imodeli American, esikhundleni Reichsmark ayiswa lwemali esitebeleni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Erhard waqeda eyodwa ukuhlela isimo kanye zamanani maqondana iningi imikhiqizo. Ngakho amabhizinisi kuleli zwe ithole inkululeko senzo. Naphezu ukumelana evuthayo Social Democrats, Erhard baqhubeka belandela izikhundla ovulekile wakhuthaza ukuzinza kwezezimali.

Ukuqashwa uhulumeni Germany

Ngemva kumiswa Erhard wezwe baba uNgqongqoshe Umnotho phakathi nokubusa Konrad Adenauer. Naye kwakudingeka owalandela kuze kube sekugcineni federal likaShansela izikhundla. Ngemva kwenzeka Nempi YaseKorea "isimangaliso German." Ludwig Erhard, ngenxa yesimo esinzima namanye amazwe, waphoqeleka ukuba siyekethise nemikhawulo illiberal isicelo. Izindleko of izinto zokusetshenziswa amazwe embonini eJalimane, sakhula ngo-avareji yamaphesende 67%. Amanani kwezimpahla bathunyelwe kusukela izwe -% 17 kuphela. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhula okusheshayo kwezomnotho kwakudingekile ukuba ziyombamba izimakethe angaphandle saxosha kuye evela kweminye abakhiqizi. Uma umkhakha isimo ngaleso sikhathi wabonakalisa zokungakwazi, abahambahambayo kwakuyodingeka kuphela isimo sibe sibi isimo umkhakha wezomnotho. Bengilindele impi entsha global.

Lokhu kuye kwaholela netwetwe, futhi ngemva kwaso - injabulo umthengi. Khona-ke wenza phakathi Shansela Adenauer nguNgqongqoshe wezokuThuthukiswa koMnotho mayelana impikiswano. Ingxabano wathatha ngesilinganiso sasivumela ububanzi, becabangela okungale kwalokho ewumngcingo control party. Concessions ezazihamba Erhard bavunyelwe ukuthola isikhathi. Ngemva kwalokho, eJalimane baqala ukusebenza empini uqobo. umnotho ozinzile nge engambi eqolo emakethe yabo zabasebenzi yaqala ukugcwalisa isikhala isidingo imikhiqizo siqu izimpahla ukukhiqizwa. Ngenxa izintela ongaphakeme e-GDP ukukhula rate yaseJalimane phakathi nekhulu lama-20, ziye zafinyelela ezingeni eliphakeme phakathi kwawo wonke ke ekhona emazweni asethuthukile, kuyilapho ezingeni amanani ukwenyuka - ephansi. Ukulandela izinguquko emkhakheni kwezomnotho uqalile ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezindlu.

Ludwig Erhard: Umhlalaphansi

Ngokuhamba umsebenzi walo, sikahulumeni ngokuphelele manipulation isiqondiso isimo, okuyinto yayithandwa kakhulu eMpumalanga ngenkuthalo esetshenziswa amandulela eJalimane. Erhard izwe akuvunyelwe kuchazwa njengoba isimo impucuko yaseNtshonalanga, emakethe umnotho. Ngo-1963, Adenauer umhlalaphansi. Erhard baba Chancellor entsha eJalimane. Nokho, lobuqotho bakhe, okuyinto wasebenza kahle ngezikhathi ukungavumelani abukhali Ngibambeni olunikezwa Adenauer, ngokuphelele kungahlali kube msebenzi oyihloko wayo enkathini entsha. Ngo-1966, ingcindezi evela nabasekeli bakhe, waphoqwa ukuthi ashiye isikhundla sakhe. Ukuze ezinsukwini zalo zokugcina kakhulu ambalwa Erhard wasala Bundestag, iphini endala.

indima zomlando

isimangaliso Economic Lyudviga Erharda wamenza sikahulumeni odumile inkathi yakhe. Waphoqwa ukuba asebenze endaweni lapho kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni emkhakheni kwezomnotho kwaba ngaphezu zangempela. Wayazi ukuthi ngenkathi ithonya elikhulu imibono sezenhlalo kubalulekile ukusebenzisa anhlobonhlobo izinyathelo ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa komphakathi sabantu. Nokho, focus ayisihluthulelo okuyinto ukuthuthukisa umqondo Lyudviga Erharda, kwaba ukuze alondoloze ukuzinza kwezezimali kanye nenkululeko yezomnotho. Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali futhi centralism babeyizitha zako ezisemqoka. Erhard wafuna ukunciphisa noma yikuphi kubonakaliswa statism. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akazange azame ukulwa ngamandla ukumelana. Wayecabanga ukuthi kungaba ukuhlakanipha uma sikubeka ezinsikeni zawo. Yilokho okushiwo elizoqinisa waziwa ngokuthi umnotho emakethe nomphakathi. Priority sanikwa kule indlela emakethe, kodwa hhayi inhlalakahle yomphakathi.

isiphetho

Erhard njalo wazama ngangokunokwenzeka ukuchaza ngokugcwele lalolo ngqo yezinguquko, okuyinto wayeqhubela, esikhundleni, ngoba kwakuyinto evamile kwekhulu lama-20, ukuze bahlanganyele demagoguery. Wayekulungele ukukholisa zonke izakhamuzi eJalimane kuze kube isikhathi lapho akanamahloni okubabiza engasekeli imizamo eliqondisa uhulumeni ukuze alondoloze ukuzinza lwemali. CSU umholi Strauss wakhumbula ukuthi, ngokushesha nje lapho lifika umnotho emakethe, e Erhard waphaphama ithalente njengoba isikhulumi. Unendaba futhi ithelela izilaleli ngomdlandla wabo. Erhard wakwazi ukukholisa, washeshe kufanele uqobo futhi ngek ukuzethemba abasekeli.