Ukuhlolwa komthelela wokulawula: izinhlobo, izindlela, inqubo

Inqubo yokuhlola umthelela wokulawula ukuhlaziywa okukhethekile kwezinhloso nezinkinga zokuphathwa kwezwe (indawo). Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwazo, ukucinga okunye okukhethwa kukho ukufeza imisebenzi ebekiwe, ukucacisa izinzuzo nezindleko zezohwebo nezinye izinhlangano, abathengi abangaphansi kwethonya lokuphatha. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokuphatha eziphumelela kakhulu. Okulandelayo, sizocubungula ngokuningiliziwe izindlela zokuhlola umthelela wokulawula.

Ulwazi jikelele

Ukuhlolwa komthelela wokulawula kwenziwa ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphatha. Ukuze uqalise lo msebenzi, ukuhlaziywa okwenziwe ngokuningiliziwe kwemiphumela yethonya emaqenjini ahlukahlukene emphakathini nasemphakathini yonke iyasetshenziswa. Namuhla, azikho izindlela ezifanayo zokuhlola umthelela wokulawula. Emazweni amaningana, ukuhlaziywa okunjalo kunqunywe ngumthetho. Isibonelo, umthethosisekelo waseSwitzerland, uFrance uqukethe izinhlinzeko ezifanele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, indlela yokuhlola umthelela wokulawula ihlukahluka ngokuya kwesakhiwo sezombangazwe zombuso. Okubalulekile ekukhetheni indlela ethile yilezo zindawo lapho lokhu kuhlaziywa kuhloswe ngokuqondile. Kulokhu, inqubo yokuhlola umthelela wokulawula ihlukahluka.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Izinhlobo zokuhlolwa komthelela olawulayo ziyahlukahluka kuye ngezimo zokwethulwa ezweni. Ngakho-ke, eCzech Republic, eNingizimu Korea, isibonelo, ama-OD aqinile ayinikeziwe. Kodwa kulokhu, izindlela ezijwayelekile zichazwe, lapho ukuhlaziywa kuqaliswa khona nobufakazi bokusebenza kwayo. Ezinye izinhlobo zokuhlolwa komthelela olawulayo zihlobene ngqo nokutholwa kwemithethonqubo. Ngokuyinhloko, eCanada nase-United States, isibonelo, i-ODS isetshenziswa lapho kukhishwa inhlinzeko ehlinzekela izindleko kusuka kwisabelomali. E-Netherlands nase-UK, ukuhlolwa komthelela olawulayo kwenziwa ngokutholwa kwezinga elifanele lokuphatha.

Izigaba eziyisisekelo

Ngokusekelwe ezintweni zokwenza izinto zoMnyango we-RV wase-Australia, omelela igunya elifanele, ukuhlolwa komthelela wokulawula kuhlanganisa izigaba ezilandelayo:

1. Ukwakhiwa kanye nencazelo yenkinga.
2. Ubufakazi besidingo sama-ODS.
3. Ukuchaza izinhloso zenqubo.
4. Incazelo yezinketho ezikhona zokuqaliswa kwemisebenzi.
5. Ukuhlaziywa kwezindlela ezithile (kubandakanya, ngokuhlola izinzuzo nezindleko).
6. Ukubonisana.
7. Isiphetho ekuhloleni komthelela wokulawula.
8. Ukwenziwa kokuqapha okukhethiwe nokulandela okulandelayo.

Isisekelo somthetho

Ukuze kusetshenziswe uMongameli weMeyi ka-Meyi 7, 2012, uMthetho we-Federal wabhala futhi wamukelwa, ochaza izinguquko eMthethweni we-Federal owasungula imigomo ejwayelekile yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezimele nezokuphatha zombuso wesifunda sezindawo zaseRussia nobuciko. 46 no-7 we-Federal Law, elawula izindlela ezijwayelekile zokuhlelwa kombuso (wendawo) ozimele kuhulumeni waseRussia. Lezi zinguquko ziphathelene nezinkinga zokuhlola umthelela olawulayo wezenzo zokulawula kanye nobuchwepheshe bawo. I-Federal Law ihlinzekela ukuhlanganiswa kohlelo lokuhlaziywa kwemibhalo esemthethweni yomthetho elungiselelwe ezifundweni kanye nokuhlelwa komasipala ezweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho yokuqaliswa kokuhlolwa kwemithetho ekhona ilawulwa. Inhloso yalezi zengezo ukuhlinzekwa kolwazi nokusizwa komasipala kumasipala ekuqalisweni kwesikhungo sokuhlola ithonya elilawulayo ekwenzeni umthetho.

Okucacile yethonya

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezenhlalakahle nezomnotho kwezwe kuncike emgangathweni womthethonqubo wezomnotho womhlaba namuhla. Izinhlaka zikaHulumeni kufanele zisebenzise indlela ehlelekile eyoqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokubeka phansi. Umtsetfo wezinga eliphezulu ongafundile ungathinta isimo somphakathi. Ngomthelela olawulayo ongaphelele, izindleko eziphezulu zokuhambisana nemigomo yezakhamuzi nezamabhizinisi zakhiwa, inqubo kahulumeni iyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ukungaqiniseki kuyanda. Konke lokhu ekugcineni kuholela ekuhlulekeni ukufeza izinhloso.

Okucacile kwezimiso

Izenzo eziningi ezisemthethweni ezimisweni zombuso, ezakhiwa futhi zamukelwa emazingeni e-federal, subject subject and municipal, zithinta izintshisekelo zezinhlaka ezahlukene zenhlalo. Kulokhu, ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwemiklamo yabo, izici eziningi ezihlobene nemiphumela ebonakalayo yokuqaliswa kwazo ekusebenzeni komunye umuntu noma esinye isigaba sabantu kufanele zicatshangelwe. Kodwa-ke, ngalesi sigaba, izindlela eziningi zokuchayeka kungenzeka zingabonakali noma kunzima ukubona ngesikhathi sokuqala. Ngakho-ke, ngenkathi kulungiselelwa ukujwayelekile, izindlela ezidingekayo ezingabonakaliswa ngokuqondile yiqembu ukuba zithonywe kanye nemvelo yalo. Enye yamathuluzi anjalo ngokuqondile ukuhlolwa komthelela wokulawula.

Imisebenzi emikhulu

Ukuhlolwa komthelela wokulawula kuhilela ukukhomba inkinga kanye nenhloso yomthelela, ukuhlonza izinketho ezahlukene zokuqalisa, ukuqhathanisa nabo nokukhetha okungcono kakhulu. Ukubonisana nabathintekayo kule nqubo kuyingxenye ebalulekile ye-ODS. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi unqume imiphumela emibi kakhulu yokulawulwa okungalungile nokuhle. Ngokuvumelana nalokhu, umbono wokuhlolwa komthelela wokulawula uhlelwe futhi. Kumele kuqondwe ukuthi i-ODS ayihambisani nenqubo evamile yokubeka inqubo evamile. Lokhu kuhlaziywa kusebenza njengethuluzi elikhuthaza inkambo yokwenza izinqumo. Naphezu kwekutsi i-ODS idinga umzamo owengeziwe kusuka kubathuthukisi bezenzo zomthetho ezingalungiswa, ngenxa yokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomphumela wokuphatha iba yinto ebonakalayo ebonakalayo.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-ODS Institute eRussia Federation nakwamanye amazwe e-CIS

Inqubo yokuhlola yaqala ukusebenza emazweni anomnotho ekushintsheni. Phakathi kwazo kunamazwe amaningi e-CIS. Esimweni ngasinye inqubo inegama layo. Isibonelo:

• Kazakhstan - ukuhlolwa kwemiphumela yemithetho emkhakheni wezenhlalakahle nezomnotho.
• Kyrgyzstan - ukuhlaziywa komthelela wemithethonqubo.
• U-Uzbekistan uhlelo lokuhlola umthelela wezenzo zomthetho (RTO).

E-Russian Federation, ezingeni lokuhlola, ukwethulwa kwe-ODS nokuhlaziywa kwemithetho kwenziwa ngo-2006 ezinhlanganweni eziningana. Ngokuyinhloko, izinhlelo zasetshenziswa eNorth Ossetia, eKalmykia, eTatarstan. Futhi, ukuthuthukiswa kwezichwepheshe eziningana kwakhiwa ukuze kuhanjiswe ezingeni likahulumeni. Ngo-Mashi 2010, iKhomishana kaHulumeni yokuThuthukiswa koHulumeni yanquma ukugunyaza uMnyango WezokuThuthukiswa koMnotho ukuthuthukisa izindlela ze-ODS futhi emva kwalokho uzethule ukusebenza, kuhlanganise nokwakhiwa komnyango omusha. Ngo-May wonyaka ofanayo, iSinqumo samukelwa, esinikeza izinguquko eziningana zezenzo zikaHulumeni waseRussia Federation. Ngokusungulwa kwe-de-facto yesikhungo se-ODS, futhi iqembu elikhulu lokuqapha nguMnyango Wezokuthuthukiswa Komnotho. NgoJulayi 2010, uMnyango wezokuHlola okuHlangene nomthelela wokuLawula ukuHlelwa kweMithelela.

Ukuhlaziywa kwezinzuzo nezindleko

Le ngxenye yokuhlolwa komthelela olawulayo kuthathwa njengeyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, izihluthulelo. Ngokuvamile, kungcono ukwenza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe nokuphelele kwazo zonke izindleko kanye nezinzuzo zezinye izindlela ezingenzeka. Ekusetshenzisweni okusebenzayo, ochwepheshe ngokuvamile bazama ukulinganisa ukubaluleka kwezimali (ukulinganisa) ukumelelwa kwezindleko nezinzuzo kanye nezindleko ngokuqondile ukuqhuba lokhu kuhlaziywa. Ngokwesiko, ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngezinkampani ezilandelayo ezithintekayo:

1. States.
2. Ibhizinisi.
3. I-Society.

Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, izigaba zomthelela zichazwe ngokubanzi noma zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu ahlukene ahlukene. Isibonelo: ithonya kubhizinisi elincane, imvelo nokunye. Uma ukuhlaziywa kwezimali kwemiphumela kungeke kwenzeke, kodwa ungakwazi ukuhlola imiphumela yomzimba, khona-ke indlela "yokukhiqiza izindleko" ingasetshenziswa.

Isibonisi sezenhlalakahle sokuhlehliswa

Ngenxa yokuthi ithonya lesenzo esilawulayo esimweni somnotho asisona leso sikhathi, kodwa sisakazwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngenqubo yokwenza imali ngezinzuzo nezindleko, kudingekile ushintsho olufanele. Ukuze wenze lokhu, izinga okuthiwa isaphulelo lisetshenziswa . Ukunquma ukubaluleka kwayo kubhekwa njengomsebenzi onzima ngesikhathi sokuqaliswa kwe-ODS.