Izindaba neNhlangano, Umnotho
Izwe lokuqala lezimboni. Amazwe asezimboni zezwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Uhlu lwamanye amazwe amasha ezimboni
Amazwe zezimboni okwakuyoba nawo umnotho womhlaba isikhathi esingaphezu negalelo eziphathekayo. Bathuthela intuthuko futhi eshintsha isimo ezindaweni ezithile. Ngakho-ke, umlando kanye nezici kula mazwe okufanele siqashelwe.
Yini okufanele kuqondwe kwezimboni
Lapho le nkulumo isetshenziswa, sikhuluma inqubo kwezomnotho, ngokuyisisekelo okuyinto ukuhambisa kusukela nezokulima kanye nokutholakala izikebhe a ukukhiqizwa esikhulu umshini. Leli qiniso kuwuphawu ebalulekile emazweni athuthukile zomhlaba bazimisele.
Kuyaphawuleka isici ezilandelayo: ngokushesha nje lapho ukukhiqizwa umshini iqala ezizotholakala kuleli zwe, ukuthuthukiswa komnotho ingena imodi ebanzi. Ukuya ezweni elithile e esigabeni zezimboni kungenxa yethonya lezingane izinto ezifana ukuthuthukiswa entsha kwezobuchwepheshe nesayensi izimboni. Ikakhulukazi esebenzayo lezi zinguquko emkhakheni ukukhiqizwa energy nelesimbi.
Empeleni, wonke amazwe anezimboni iwumkhiqizo kokukwazi yezinguquko emkhakheni kw emithetho nenqubomgomo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kusobala, hhayi ngaphandle kumiswa isisekelo esikhulu isisetshenziswa nokuheha inqwaba amaholo aphansi.
Umphumela kilelihlelo Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi phezu eyinhloko wemboni komnotho (efana nezolimo kanye nemithombo nezimayini) kuqala ukwanda phakathi yesibili (impahla eluhlaza ukucutshungulwa wemboni). Ukwakhiwa kwezimboni ikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa eyala zesayensi kanye nokusetshenziswa yabo okwalandela ingxenye yokukhiqiza. Lokhu-ke ivumela ukwandisa imali sabantu.
Izwe lokuqala zezimboni
Uma ubheka idatha zomlando, kungenzeka ukwenza Isiphetho esisobala: ukuthi i-United States iyahola ukunyakaza ezimbonini. Esikhathini 19 ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, lapho isisekelo esikhulu ekukhuleni zezimboni ashukumisayo usumisiwe, eye nomthelela emisebenzini ebalulekile. Izingxenye zalolu hlaka liwumthombo obalulekile of izinto zokusetshenziswa, ukuntuleka imishini akusebenzi futhi software for sinenkululeko engenamingcele umsebenti wetemnotfo.
Uma ucabangela umlando ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqizwa yezimboni, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ukuthuthuka eziphathekayo kule ndawo senzeka ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Bona owabonakaliswa ukukhula izinga yentuthuko umkhakha esindayo. Leli qiniso nomthelela esakhile onqamula ujantshi umugqa.
Okunjalo izwe zezimboni like US, ethakazelisayo ukuthi wayengadlali owayenguyise lizwe lokuqala emhlabeni umlando ukuthuthukiswa komnotho, ensimini ka esalotshwa yokuthi ezilandelayo: inani umkhakha esindayo kudlulwe nezinye izinkomba ukukhiqizwa yezimboni jikelele. Amanye amazwe bakwazi ukufinyelela ezingeni kamuva kakhulu.
Ezinye nezinye izinguquko ukuthi kumelwe nakanjani baphathe izwe ezimbonini, Ngokuqondene sphere zezombusazwe kanye nangokushaywa kwemithetho. Lapho lokhu isidingo akunakugwenywa amandla anele futhi ezishibhile zabasebenzi feedstock.
Ezinye zezinto ezisemqoka imigomo ukukhiqizwa ngaphakathi umnotho zezimboni - ukukhululwa ka ezandayo imikhiqizo isiqedile. Ngenxa yalokho, amanani abalulekile umkhiqizo ivumela izinkampani ukungena ezimakethe zomhlaba.
Ukushintsha US esindayo umkhakha isakhiwo
Njengoba sazi ukuthi i-Nyakatfo Melika - endaweni lapho wazibonela ekubeni izwe layo zezimboni, isibe lokuqala ngalesi sakhiwo komnotho, kuyafaneleka okulandelayo: lezi zinguquko ziye singakwenza ngokulitadisha izinguquko e-US umkhakha esindayo isakhiwo.
Sikhuluma umthelela intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe, esiye saholela ukuvela imboni entsha, ezifana petroleum, aluminium, ugesi, iraba, yezimoto, nabanye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukukhiqizwa wezimoto uwoyela ube nomthelela kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni emnothweni waseMelika.
Njengoba ngogesi ngokushesha nokuqalisa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke futhi ukukhiqiza, iziketekete ngokushesha ukulahlekelwa ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukufuneka uwoyela liye landa kancane kancane. Lokhu kuchazwe iqiniso ukuthuthukiswa ashukumisayo embonini yezimoto, okuyinto kwaholela i elithé okuthengile uphethiloli, ukwenziwa uwoyela isetshenziswa.
Uzinake Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kwaba ukwethulwa imoto izimpilo zezakhamuzi US kwakufanele nomthelela isakhiwo zokukhiqiza, okuvumela umkhakha yokucwenga babe evelele.
Izinguquko wazibonela namasu yenhlangano okunengqondo zomsebenzi. Le nqubo kuthonywa ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza ukhiye mass. Sikhuluma ikakhulukazi mayelana umugqa indlela.
Ngenxa lezi zici, e-United States baqala lingachazwa ngokuthi izwe ezimbonini.
Okunye abameleli umnotho zezimboni
US Yiqiniso, saba umbuso wokuqala, okungase ubalwe njengenye ezimbonini. Uma sicabangela amazwe zezimboni kwekhulu lama-20, sizokwazi ukwaba amagagasi ezimbili yesikhathi sesimanje. Lezi zinqubo kungabuye ngokuthi organic ukubamba up ukuthuthukiswa.
Amazwe we uqimba okuqala e-United States, Britain, iFrance nakwamanye amazwe amancane European (eScandinavia, eHolland, Belgium). Ukwakheka kwazo zonke kula mazwe kwahluka ushintsho kancane kancane nohlobo yezimboni ukukhiqizwa. Kwaqale kwafika izinguquko kwezezimboni, kulandelwa ukuthi ukwedlulela kuleso sigaba ekukhiqizweni ngezinga elikhulu of elihambayo hlobo.
Ukwakheka izinqubo ezinjalo kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe ezithile yokungafani kwamasiko kanye nezenhlalakahle:
- lizinga lelisetulu ukukhiqizwa yokukhiqiza, eye yavezwa sesimanje kwasekuqaleni;
- ukuvuthwa ubudlelwane lezimpahla-imali, okuholela ukuvuthwa emakethe yasekhaya kanye nekhono layo ukuncela lemiqulu emikhulu ukukhiqizwa yezimboni;
- ungqimba abalulekile abantu abampofu abangakwazi ukwenza ngenye indlela, ngaphezu ukuhlinzeka amasevisi abo labasebenzi.
Ukuze endaweni yokugcina akunakubangelwa labo osomabhizinisi abakwazile buthelela bofeleba netinhlavu ebesezilungele wakufaka ukukhiqizwa langempela.
Amazwe uqimba yesibili
Uma ucabangela amazwe zezimboni ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukuthi ivelele amazwe ezifana-Austria-Hungary, i-Japan, iRussia, i-Italy neJalimane. isingeniso Abo ukukhiqizwa yezimboni ngenxa ithonya ezinye zezici Kwakuthé belated.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ezihambayo eziningi emazweni, bafundzi bakhone kutfutfukisa onkhe States, kwadingeka izici ezivamile bebheke kwezimboni. Isici esiyinhloko kulokhu nethonya abalulekile uhulumeni esikhathini sesimanje. Iqhaza olukhethekile isimo kulezi izinqubo ungachazwa ngezizathu ezilandelayo.
1. Okokuqala, it is isimo wadlala indima juqu ukuqaliswa yezinguquko ogama Inhloso kwaba ukunwetshwa ubudlelwane lezimpahla-imali, kanye ukunciphisa isibalo amapulazi semi zemvelo nezemvelo, libhekene umkhiqizo ongaphakeme. Lelisu ikuvumela ukuba uthole okuningi zabasebenzi mahhala umkhiqizo othe.
2. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani emazweni athuthukile njalo libhekene elikhulu iqhaza yembuso inqubo yesikhathi sesimanje, kuyafaneleka ukunaka izinto ezifana nesidingo sokwethula okusezingeni eliphezulu nentela kwimikhiqizo amazwe. Izinyathelo ezinjalo kungaba kwenziwe ngokuthi ezingeni komthetho. Futhi sibonga lelisu, abakhiqizi ezifuywayo, amela ekuqaleni sokuthuthuka, uyovikelwa kanye nekhono ngokushesha sifinyelele ezingeni elisha ukuhweba.
3. Isizathu sesithathu esenza ukuba iqhaza umbuso inqubo yesikhathi sesimanje sasingagwemeki - ukungabi khona izimali emabhizinisini ukuze sikhokhele ukukhiqizwa. Ukuba buthaka kwezindlela dolobha zasekhaya ukuthi offset esebenzisa kwesabelomali. Lokhu wavezwa ngezimali ukwakhiwa izimboni kanye nojantshi. Kwezinye izimo ngisho ukudala amabhange okuxubile kanye nezinkampani, nesimo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi dolobha angaphandle. Leli qiniso uchaza isizathu esenza emazweni athuthukile, ngaphezu imikhiqizo emazweni angaphandle zaziyiswa okuhloswe ngaso edonsa zimali angaphandle. Ikakhulukazi ehlaselwe ukutshalwa ezinjalo ku inqubo yesikhathi sesimanje of Japan, Russia nase-Austria-Hungary.
Beka Emazweni asethuthukile kwezezimboni emnothweni yesimanje
Inqubo yokuthuthukisa abayekanga ukuthuthukiswa yayo. Ngenxa yalesi isikhathi yakha amazwe asanda anezimboni. uhlu kubo kanje:
- Singapore
- South Korea,
- Hong Kong,
- Taiwan
- Thailand
- China
- Indonesia
- Malaysia,
- India,
- Philippines,
- Brunei,
- Vietnam.
Amazwe amane lokuqala ivelele lonke, okwenza izazi bebizwa amahlosi Asian. Kuwo wonke 80s, ngamunye akleliswe ngenhla kwazo uthi kuye kwabonisa ikhono layo ukunikeza ukukhula ngonyaka kwezomnotho nge amamaki angaphezulu kuka-7%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakwazi ukufeza okusheshayo ngokwanele ukuba akwazi ukunqoba izingqinamba nokungathuthuki wokusebenzela abantu, umnotho eduze ezingeni lamazwe ukuthi ingachazwa njenge athuthukile.
Lezi zindlela esisetshenziswa amazwe anezimboni zinqunywa
I-UN njalo asiqaphile isimo emhlabeni, nge ngokukhethekile ekuthuthukisweni komnotho ezindaweni ezahlukene. Kulesi inhlangano, kukhona izimfuneko ezithile ngazo sithole amazwe amasha athuthukile. Zibhaleni phansi kungenziwa kuphela ubuyise isimo ukuthi kuyahlangabezana nezindinganiso ezithile kule mikhakha elandelayo:
- ivolumu lemikhiqizo imikhiqizo zezimboni;
- umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene lengenako;
- abanesibalo GDP yokukhiqiza (akumele ibe ngaphansi kuka-20%);
- ivolumu ukutshalwa ngaphandle kwezwe;
- avareji yonyaka ukukhula rate GDP.
Ngayinye yalezi zindlela, futhi kuwo wonke amazwe anezimboni isiyonke, uhlu okuyinto yayiqhubeka ikhula, kumele ngokuphongoza nezinye izifundazwe.
Izici imodeli kwezomnotho ka NIS
Kukhona izimbangela ezithile, kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle, ngokulandelana kwayo eye yaba nomthelela obalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komnotho amazwe asanda anezimboni.
Uma sikhuluma izici zangaphandle sokukhula komnotho, nobuntu wonke amazwe, ikakhulukazi ukunakekelwa okufanele inikwe yokuthi elandelayo: kungakhathaliseki ukuthi emazweni anezimboni ezibhekwa, bonke ziyohlanganyela kukhona nasithakazelo komuntu emazweni athuthukile, izimboni. Futhi zombili izithakazelo kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe. Njengoba isibonelo, intshisekelo ecacile, elibonisa United States maqondana South eKorea, naseTaiwan. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lezi zindawo neqhaza ukuphikiswa umbuso zamaKhomanisi esikhona eMpumalanga Asia.
Ngenxa yalokho, Melika uye waba lezi ezimbili uthi ephawulekayo ezempi kanye nezomnotho ukwesekwa, okuyinto eye wadala uhlobo okusuka ku-lwekutfutfukisa kulawa mazwe. Yingakho emazweni anezimboni, ngaphezu zokuthumela impahla, ngokuyinhloko igxile ukutshalwa kwezimali angaphandle.
Ngokuqondene emazweni South Asian, intuthuko yabo kungenxa ukwesekwa esebenzayo of Japan, e namashumi okugcina eminyaka luvula eziningi amagatsha corporations ukuthi amathuba amatjha wemisebenzi begodu ayinyuse umkhakha iyonke.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi amazwe asanda anezimboni, ayese-Asia, iningi ibhizinisi dolobha igxile izimboni loyimvelo nokukhiqiza izimboni.
Ngokuqondene amazwe aseLatin America kulesi sifunda, utshalomali wayegxilile hhayi kuphela umkhakha wekukhicita, kodwa futhi emkhakheni service, kanye ukuhweba.
Kulokhu, umuntu akakwazi singalinaki iqiniso wokwanda global kwezomnotho of angaphandle dolobha yangasese. Yingakho emazweni athuthukile ngaphandle imithombo yayo cishe kuzo zonke emkhakheni wezomnotho ube iphesenti ezithile dolobha angaphandle.
Latin imodeli eMelika NIS
onobuhle ababili ukhiye, lapho kungenzeka elichaza isakhiwo nemigomo yeNhlangano ukuthuthukiswa lamazwe yesimanje zezimboni ivelele emnothweni wanamuhla. Sikhuluma uhlelo Latin American nase-Asia.
Imodeli lokuqala igxile yokungenisa esikhundleni, ukugcizelela yesibili ku nokuthengiswa. Ngamanye amazwi, amanye amazwe aye igxile emakethe yasekhaya, ngenkathi abanye bethola kwenqwaba capital ngokusebenzisa nokuthengiswa.
Lona omunye izimpendulo embuzweni othi kungani amazwe anezimboni, ngaphezu zokuthumela impahla, ngenkuthalo igxile yokungenisa esikhundleni. Konke kuya ukusetshenziswa hlobo locingo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi yasekhaya emakethe ukugcwaliswa isu komkhiqizo kazwelonke iye yasiza emazweni amaningi ukuthola ukusimamisa umnotho. Ngenxa yale njongo-ke kwakudingekile ukuba diversify isakhiwo nezomnotho kuleli zwe. Ngenxa yalokho, umthamo enkulu ekukhiqizeni sesakhiwe, futhi khudlwana ezingeni yokwaneliseka ezindaweni eziningi.
Eqinisweni, ezweni ngalinye, okuyinto ayelithanda on ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa, okuvumela ukuba esikhundleni ngempumelelo ukungena, inkinga sina iqinile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Njengoba izizathu lokhu umphumela kufanele banqume ukuthi ukulahlekelwa ukusebenza kahle kanye nezimo of isimiso sezomnotho, okuyinto ngenxa yokungabi bikho kokuncintisana angaphandle.
nzima Ngakho emazweni ukuthatha isikhundla namandla emakethe emhlabeni ngenxa yokuntuleka umkhakha-amakhanda, deducing emkhakheni wokukhiqiza ileveli entsha kahle nokuhlobana.
Njengoba isibonelo, emazweni Latin American (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico). Lezi uthi bakwazile ehlukahlukene emnothweni kazwelonke ukuze afinyelele indawo enkulu ngaphakathi emakethe yemhlaba. Kodwa namanje akwazi ukubamba kuze kufinyelele ezingeni inqubekela phambili kwezomnotho emazweni asethuthukile, ukuthekelisa ngamakhasimende.
isipiliyoni Asian
imodeli Export ngamakhasimende, okuyinto waqalwa NIS Asia, lingachazwa ngokuthi lekahle futsi lugucugucuke. Kuyaphawuleka yokuthi ukungenisa okufanayo, okuyinto ekukwati kufundza nekubhala is kuhlangene intuthuko yezomnotho isikimu sika. Kuyamangalisa ukuthi kwenzakala onobuhle ababili, ne emphases ezahlukene, zingahlanganiswa ngempumelelo. Ngakho, kuye isikhathi esithile, igunya zinganikwa yibo efaneleke kakhulu.
Kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi ngaphambi isimo uya uzoshiya ashukumisayo ukuthekelisa ukunwetshwa, kumele zidlule yokungenisa esikhundleni futhi kahle ngaphambi kokuba izinze iphesenti yayo imodeli jikelele kwezomnotho.
Emakoloni Asian ziye libhekene imboni ukuthekelisa ngamakhasimende okhandlayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo ukugcizelela wawugxilisa zobuchwepheshe obuphambili izimboni dolobha khudlwana. Okwamanje, injongo eyinhloko emazweni anjalo esikhathini kohlaka kwezomnotho - kungcono okukhipha, okungase kwachazwa ngokuthi olwazini. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ukwenziwa eziseceleni nemibhalo okhandlayo kunikezwa amazwe amasha kwezezimboni wave yesibili.
Ngakho, singaphetha ngokuthi isu nomnotho wesizwe ethize zezimboni incike indawo yayo ezimakethe zomhlaba.
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