UJames Chadwick: biography, izithombe, ukutholakala

USir James James Chadwick (isithombe esithunyelwe kulesi siqeshana) ungumhlengikazi we-English, umlingisi weNobel, owathola udumo ngemuva kokutholakala kwe-neutron. Lokhu kwashintsha kakhulu i-physics yaleso sikhathi futhi kwavumela ososayensi ukuba bakhe izici ezintsha, futhi kwaholela ekutholakaleni kwe-fission yenukliya kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo kwezinhloso zempi nokuthula. UChachwick wayeyilungu leqembu labasosayensi baseBrithani abasiza i-US ukuba ithuthukise ibhomu le-athomu phakathi neMpi Yezwe II.

James Chadwick: A Biography iDemo

UChadwick wazalelwa eBellington, eKhershire, eNgilandi ngo-Okthoba 20, 1891, emndenini kaJohn Joseph no-Ann Mary Knowles. Wafunda esikoleni samabanga aphansi esikoleni samabanga aphansi naseManchester. Kwayishumi nesithupha sithole isifundo se-University of Manchester. UJames wayehlose ukutadisha izibalo, kodwa ngokungahambi kahle waya emihlanganweni ye-physics futhi wangena kulokhu okukhethekile. Ekuqaleni, wayeyesaba ngesinqumo sakhe, kodwa emva konyaka wokuqala wokuqeqesha wathola le nkambo ejabulisa kakhulu. U-Chadwick wabhaliswa ekilasini lika- Ernest Rutherford, lapho afunde khona ugesi kanye ne-magnetism, futhi kamuva umfundisi wamisa uJames iphrojekthi yokucwaninga kwi-radium element element.

Ucwaningo lokuqala

UJames Chadwick waphumelela e-yunivesithi ngo-1911 futhi waqhubeka esebenza eRutherford mayelana nokuqothulwa kwemisebe ye-gamma, ukuthola i-master degree ngo-1913. Umphathi wakhuthaza ukuqokwa kwe-scholarship yocwaningo eyayidinga umsebenzi kwenye indawo. Wakhetha ukutadisha eBerlin noHans Geiger, owavakashela eManchester ngesikhathi uJames ethola i-master degree. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, i-Chadwick yasungula ukuba khona kwemisebe ye-beta eqhubekayo, okwehlisa abacwaningi futhi kwaholela ekutholakaleni kwe-neutrinos.

Imvume yekamu

Ngokushesha ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, lapho izinhlupho zingenakugwema, uGeiger waxwayisa uChadwick ukuba abuyele eNgilandi ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. UJames wayemangala ngeseluleko senkampani yokuhamba futhi wahlala ekamu lasejele laseJalimane kuze kube sekupheleni kwempi. Phakathi neminyaka emihlanu yokuboshwa kwakhe, uChadwick wakwazi ukuxoxisana nabalindi futhi aqhube izifundo zokuqala ze-fluorescence.

Sebenza ku-Laboratory Cavendish

UJames Chadwick, owaziwa ngefilosofi yakhe ngo-1918, ngenxa yemizamo kaRutherford waphindela emuva kwisayensi futhi waqinisekisa ukuthi icala le-nucleus lalilingana nenombolo ye-athomu. Ngo-1921, wanikezwa ubudlelwane bokucwaninga eCambridge College of Gonville noKeith, futhi ngonyaka olandelayo waba umsizi kuRutherford kuLabitishish Laboratory.

Ukusebenza nsuku zonke, wayesengathola isikhathi sokucwaninga, okuqondiswa yi-Rutherford ngokujwayelekile. UChadwick kanye naye owayeboshwe naye uCharles D. Ellis baqhubekela phambili izifundo zabo eTrinth College naseRutherford, behlola ukuguqulwa kwezakhi lapho behlaselwa ngama-particle alpha (helium nuclei). Ithimba locwaningo laseVienna libike imiphumela engavumelani nemininingwane etholakala yi-Laboratory Cavendish, okuyiqiniso ukuthi ivikelwe ngokuhlakanipha ngamanye okuhlolwa kukaChachwick kanye nozakwabo.

Ngo-1925, uJames washada no-Eileen Stewart-Brown. Lo mbhangqwana unamadodakazi amabili.

Phakathi nawo-1920, uJames Chadwick wahlola ukusabalalisa izinhlayiya ze-alpha ezixoshwe kuleso senzo sensimbi, kuhlanganise negolide ne-uranium, bese kuthi i-helium ngokwayo, eyinhloko yayo inesisindo esifanayo nezinhlayiyana ze-alpha. Ukusabalalisa kwaba yinkimbinkimbi, futhi uChadwick wachaza lokhu ngo-1930 njengesenzo se-quantum.

Ukutholakala kwe-neutron

Emuva ngo-1920, uRutherford wasikisela ukuthi kube khona inhlayiya engathathi hlangothi kagesi ebizwa ngokuthi i-neutron ukuchaza ukuthi kukhona ama-isotopi e-hydrogen. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi le nhlayiya yayine electron kanye neproton, kodwa ukukhishwa kwalokhu kwakhiwa akutholakalanga.

Ngo-1930, kwatholakala ukuthi lapho i-nuclei ekhanyayo ibhalwa ngama-alpha emisindo ekhishwa yi-polonium, imisebe engena ngaphakathi yabonakala ngaphandle kwecala likagesi. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi lokhu kuyi-gamma rays. Kodwa-ke, uma usebenzisa i-beryllium target, imisebe yayingaphumelela kaningi kunezinye izinto. Ngo-1931 uChadwick kanye nosebenza naye Webster baphakamisa ukuthi imilayezo engathathi hlangothi empeleni yabonisa ukuthi kukhona i-neutron.

Ngo-1932, umbhangqwana oshadile wabacwaningi u-Irene Curie noFrederic Joliot babonisa ukuthi imishanguzo ye-beryllium yayingaphumelela kakhulu kunalokho okwabikwa abacwaningi odlule, kodwa futhi babibiza ngemigqa ye-gamma. UJames Chadwick ufunde lo mbiko futhi ngokushesha waqala ukusebenza ekubaleni kwenqwaba yezinhlayiyana ezingathathi hlangothi, okungase kuchaze imiphumela yakamuva. Wasebenzisa imisebe ye-beryllium ukuze ahlasele izakhi ezehlukene futhi wathola ukuthi imiphumela iyahambisana nesenzo sezinhlayiyana ezingathathi hlangothi nesisindo esicishe sifane naleso seproton. Lokhu kwaba yisiqinisekiso sokuhlola sokuba khona kwe-neutron. Ngo-1925, kule mpumelelo, uChadwick wathola umklomelo weNobel ku-Physics.

Ukusuka kwe-neutron kuya ekuphenduleni kwezinto zenuzi

I-neutron yaba yilapho ithuluzi lokuthola ama-physicists elisebenzisela ukungena kuma-athomu ezinhlobonhlobo futhi liguqulwe, ngakho-ke i-nuclei ehlelwe kahle yayingayigodli. Ngakho-ke, i-Chadwick yalungisa indlela yokuhlukaniswa kwe-uranium-235 nokudala izikhali zenuzi. Ngo-1932, ngenxa yalokhu kutholakala okubalulekile, wanikezwa uMdali waseHughes futhi ngo-1935 umklomelo weNobel. Khona-ke wafunda ukuthi uHans Falkenhagen wayethole i-neutron ngesikhathi esifanayo naye, kodwa wayesaba ukunyathelisa imiphumela yakhe. Usosayensi waseJalimane wenqaba ngenhlanhla isipho sokukwabelana ngeNobel Prize, eyenziwe nguJacob Chadwick.

Ukutholakala kwe-neutron kwenzeke ukudala izakhi ze-transuranium kuma laboratories. Lokhu kwaholela ekutholeni ukutholakala kwezikhali zenuzi ngokugunyazwa kweNobel Prize ka-Enrico Fermi, okubangelwa yi-neutron okulibalekile, nokutholakala kwamakhemikhali aseJalimane ka-Otto Gan no-Strassmann we-nyukliya fission, okwaholela ekusungulweni kwezikhali zenuzi.

Sebenzela ibhomu le-athomu

Ngo-1935, uJacob Chadwick waba profesa we-physics e-Liverpool University. Ukulandela imiphumela yoMemorandamu we-Frish-Peierls ka-1940 ngokusebenta kokudala ibhomu le nyukliya, wamiswa ekomidini le-MAUD, elaphenya ngale nkinga ngokuningiliziwe. Ngo-1940, wavakashela eNyakatho Melika nge-mission yeTyzard ukuqala ukubambisana ekuqhubeni uphenyo lwenuzi. Ngemva kokubuyela e-UK, wanquma ukuthi ngeke kwenzeke kuze kube yilapho impi iphelile.

Ngo-December wonyaka ofanayo, uFrancis Simon, owasebenza eMaud, wathola ukuthi kungenzeka ukwehlukanisa i-uranium-235 isotope. Embikweni wakhe, wachaza ukulinganisa nokwaziswa kobuchwepheshe ekwakheni ibhizinisi elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni i-uranium. Kamuva iChachwick yabhala ukuthi yilapho kuphela eyayiqaphele ukuthi ibhomu le nyukliya lalingenakwenzeka kuphela, kodwa futhi lingenakugwema. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kwadingeka aqale ukuthatha amaphilisi okulala. UJames kanye neqembu lakhe ngokuvamile basekela ibhomu kusuka ku-U-235 futhi bavuma ukuhlukaniswa kwayo ngokusabalalisa kusukela ku-isotope U-238.

Umphumela wokuphila

Ngokushesha waya eLos Alamos, indlunkulu yomsebenzi weManhattan, futhi noNiels Bohr banikeza izeluleko eziwusizo kulabo abathuthukisa amabhomu e-athomu abanjwe eHiroshima naseNagasaki. UChachwick James, otholakala ngokushintsha kakhulu umlando womlando wesintu, waxoshwa ngo-1945.

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, wabuyela emsebenzini wakhe eLiverpool. UChachwick wasulaya ngo-1958. Ngemva kokuchitha iminyaka eyishumi eNorth Wales, wabuyela eCambridge ngo-1969, lapho afela khona ngoJulayi 24, 1974.