Sociology Modern Western

XX leminyaka kwakuyinkathi ukuthuthukiswa olunzulu kakhulu i-social science. kwabantu Modern entshonalanga nje kwenzeka kulesi sikhathi. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi lapho kwaba iqoqo nemibono Amathrendi, National Society of Izazi zezenhlalakahle kanye International lwezenhlalo Association sezisunguliwe, ukuthuthukisa izindlela ezisetshenzisiwe izifundo enokwehla ukuthi yenziwa ngaphansi kohlaka ucwaningo nentuthuko izikhungo.

kwabantu Modern entshonalanga umsuka e-Europe, kodwa-yalolucwaningo 20 ka XX leminyaka. isikhundla okuholela kwabantu wathuthela e-United States. Kuleli zwe, isayensi yokuhlalisana kwabantu njengento isayensi osetshenziswayo, okuyinto wagxila umqondo positivist naphutha futhi umnqopho ubufakazi besayensi. Nge-American kwabantu abacwaningi isayensi theory uye savela ku esisebenzayo.

In parallel nalokhu mkhuba kwabantu wanamuhla waseNtshonalanga athuthukile kwamanye amazwe njengoba kwabantu eliyisisekelo zezemfundo. Lokhu kwamvulela ithuba lokunikeza division okunemibandela kwabantu ngesikhathi osetshenziswayo futhi theory.

kwabantu Modern entshonalanga njengendlela isiyalo sehlukaniswe inombolo ngokwanele enkulu emikhakheni ehlukene yesayensi nezikole. Faka kusigaba kubo kunzima ngoba kukhona orientation ezahlukene kanye theory, kanye nesikhathi nesenzakalo, futhi ucwaningo indlela.

Omunye ngeengaba enengqondo kakhulu futhi evamile kanje. Amathrendi lwezenhlalo zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili okukhulu kakhulu. Esokuqala "macrosociological" inkolelo-mbono, ngokuyisisekelo okuyinto postulate le igunya emphakathini maqondana nomuntu ngamunye. Logic of leli qembu ucwaningo kuhilela ukuhamba kuya yangasese wezindleko, okungukuthi, welithi "ubuntu" ka "umphakathi" kanye umqondo welithi "esimisweni sezenhlalo. '

Ukuqala zalezi zinkolelo-mbono iphindela izimfundiso Comté, Durkheim, G. Spencer. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa kuhlahlela takhi obusebenzayo (eliholwa T. Parsons), ludvweshu theory (eliholwa L. Coser futhi Dahrendorf), structuralism (Levi-Strauss, Foucault), Determinism zobuchwepheshe (V . Rostow Dron R., D. Bell, J. Galbraith) Neoevolutionism (J. Stewart, L. White, J .. Murdoch), kanye nabanye.

Isigaba sesibili sihlanganisa umbono "microsociological", okusho in focus yayo ukubeka phambili endaweni yokuqala - ubuntu, ngamunye, umuntu. Bazama ukuchaza imithetho jikelele lwezenhlalo, ahlaziye emhlabeni sangaphakathi umuntu, ikakhulukazi ukuxhumana yomuntu nabanye abantu iqhaza emphakathini. Le ndlela yokwenza lokhu iqembu lososayensi kudinga ukunyakaza kusukela ngokukhethekile jikelele, kusukela abantu ohlelweni lomphakathi.

Qala alo zalezi zinkolelo-mbono libhekisela ukuhlobanisa imibono ka M. Weber, abanye abameleli psychosociology (G. Tarde, L. Lesigceme, Pareto). kwabantu Western lokhu mkhuba manje emelelwa le interactionism ongokomfanekiso (A. Ukukhathazeka, C. Cooley, uH Blumer, A. Rose, J .. Mead, G. Stone), kwabantu phenomenological (A. Schütz, Luckmann T.), exchange theory (J. . Homans, P. Blue) ethnomethodology (Garfinkel D. A. Sikurela) nabanye.

Eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ezihlobene eqenjini elithile methodological, kungase kahle kuhluke kakhulu ngempela futhi endaweni kwezinhloso zenzuzo, futhi ngezinye incazelo yaleli asho into okuxoxwa ngayo.

Modern entshonalanga kwabantu Dictionary kuholela i uhlu umxhwele izikole kanye izitayela ukuthi bayatfutfuka okwamanje eYurophu nase Melika. Uye wakwenza ngokuzimisela athuthukile futhi izinkomba enokwehla futhi theory. ethandwa kakhulu isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu manje ngokwengqondo mass izenzakalo nezinqubo. Ukuze esikoleni French libhekene isithakazelo okusezingeni eliphezulu ekutadisheni lo Psychology isixuku. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukisa kanye isiqondiso zobuchwepheshe kwabantu. ithiyori zezimboni athuthukisiwe, umphakathi post-ezimbonini kanye nokwaziswa. It is kutfutfukiswa samasosha lwezenhlalo.