Nethempeli zonke onkulunkulu baseRoma: igama, isithombe, incazelo

Mayelana naye namaculo izinkondlo zabuna izincwadi zezwe, kuye efuna izivakashi, owafika e-Italy, isithombe sakhe abayiswa ikhaya ezithombeni nama-postcard. ERome, ethempelini bonke onkulunkulu (noma, njengoba manje ibizwa ngokuthi ukwakhiwa, onkulunkulu) ngesikhathi ukwakhiwa yayo sanikezelwa abayinhloko babekhulekela wonke uMbuso WaseRoma. Lesi sakhiwo likhulu ngendlela ebabazeka kangakanani omunye zodumo kwesikhathi lasendulo, ezisekhona kuze kube namuhla. Njengoba iminyaka idlula, Izwe liye lashintsha, futhi ngemva kokuwa koMbuso, indlu engcwele bamaqaba kwakungqubuzana ngayingcwelisa njengoba ibandla lamaKristu of St Mary kanye Yabafel 'Ukholo.

Umlando. Onkulunkulu lokuqala - onkulunkulu ka-Agripha

Okokuqala Nethempeli bonke onkulunkulu baseRoma Yakhiwa kuka-27 no-25 BC. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukwakhiwa wenziwa endaweni yoMbuso WaseRoma, igama Nethempeli bonke onkulunkulu eRoma livela amazwi Greek "i-pan" - "olunzulu" futhi "Theon", okuyinto uhumusha njengoba "ungowaphezulu". He nikela ikakhulu nonkulunkulu kwabaseRoma:

• Jupiter - unkulunkulu ophakeme nokuduma, okuhambelana likaZeyusi zamaGreki.
• Neptune - unkulunkulu wezilwandle nokuzamazama komhlaba, uzakwabo Greek - Poseidon.
• Mars - god of war, it ihambelana lo Ares ngesiGreki.
• Venus - unkulunkulukazi wothando nobuhle, Aphrodite eGreece.
• Pluto - unkulunkulu eHayidese, uzakwabo Greek - eHayidese.
• Mercury - nesithunywa onkulunkulu, umxhasi abathengisi nabahambi (Hermes eGrisi lasendulo).
• Saturn - titanium isikhathi, inguqulo yesiGreki - Kronos (Chronos).

ukuphathwa Ukwakhiwa wathatha phezu umngane oseduze futhi umalokazana kombusi, inxusa Marcus Agripha, njengoba kufakazelwa yila mazwi ujenga ngamagama ethusi esakhiweni. Onkulunkulu lokuqala kwaphenduka ubuso eningizimu futhi ube ukuma elingunxande. I umhlobiso main ESonto LamaRoma onkulunkulu olungaphambili lwesonto babe amakholomu kanye caryatids - eziqoshiwe abagqoke abesifazane, kungena esikhundleni kukholomu yokuqala uvele eGrisi lasendulo. Abobulili onkulunkulu, ngakolunye uhlangothi kwesikwele, wema Nethempeli Neptune. Okungenani, okungukuthi incazelo Nethempeli bonke onkulunkulu baseRoma eyafika ilandelana ngayo kithi.

I wokuqala wamaRoma onkulunkulu labhujiswa ngo umlilo ekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka AD, kodwa njengabanye amathempeli amaningi, lakhiwa phakathi nokubusa uDomitian, futhi izinsalela zalo manje sise aphakame cishe amabili amamitha ukujula.

Ukwakhiwa amathempeli yesimanje wonkulunkulu eRoma

Kubuyiselwe ngaphansi uDomitian onkulunkulu Marcus Agripha wayevalelwe ekugcineni ubhujiswa phakathi nokubusa uTrajan uMbusi kusukela lokuthi yashaywa umbani, ngakho UMbusi uHadrian, ababefuna "leli thempeli kwabo bonke onkulunkulu emelelwa wonke nokukhishwa kwama-sphere yasezulwini", kodwa yabuye yakhiwa kabusha ngokuphelele .

Ngokwe wabhala kwezitini kuyiphi ethempelini, isakhiwo sayo kwenziwa engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lesibili AD leminyaka. Ukuhlela ukwakheka wenza omunye abaklami kunabo bonke ngaleso sikhathi, Apollodorus yaseDamaseku, owayehola ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezibalulekile (kuhlanganise spa Arc de Triomphe), hhayi kuphela ngaphansi Hadrian, kodwa futhi ngaphambi kokuba, ngaphansi uTrajan.

izici ezakhiwo

Ngokungafani nomanduleli wawo, onkulunkulu Apollodorus ukuthi kuthambekele enyakatho, futhi Ubukhulu balo kunyuke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-iphrojekthi entsha nokubunjwa yezakhiwo yengeziwe ezitebhisini yesikhulumi eziyisishiyagalombili. Isikhala kwangaphakathi sethempeli uyakwazi ukuze anakekele sphere - ekahle imodeli wendawo yonke - 43 amamitha amabili ububanzi. kakhulu nesimo sesakhiwo esikhulu Nethempeli bonke onkulunkulu amaRoma ibonisa umfanekiso okuphathelene nokwakheka kwendawo yonke. Ithempeli izindonga awugqinsi ngokwanele, nokwenza kwabo kuyehluka nge ukuphakama - ezansi zingabantu ayazika, futhi engxenyeni engenhla kubo siqukethe izinto elula.

Yiqiniso, umbono edume kunazo olungaphambili lwesonto - ezithombeni iningi Nethempeli bonke onkulunkulu baseRoma, ungabona izinsika eyishumi nesithupha okusezingeni eliphezulu lapho oba le pediment esingunxantathu. On the pediment kukhona Umbhalo ofanayo njengoba onkulunkulu ka-Agripha. Ngaphansi pediment kukhona izimbobo ukuthi uvikelekile isithombe ithusi lazo uphawu amandla - ukhozi avule amaphiko, elibamba ngoqhwaku kwesihlahla se-okhi Wreath. Kuningi wokuhlobisa olungaphambili lwesonto izithombe ithusi lazo umsebenzi uDiogenes Athens kamuva asetshenziswa emsebenzini ku Basilica St kaPetru, abantu abaningi ngesikhathi wayekholelwa ukuthi senzo esinonya.

Onkulunkulu ngemuva kokungaboni Empire

Ngemva kokuwa LamaRoma onkulunkulu zasinda ekubhujisweni kuphela ngenxa yokuthi e 608 AD, sashintshwa saba esontweni by UPapa Boniface IV, ubani ngemva konyaka ngayingcwelisa ke behlonipha St Mary kanye Yabafel 'Ukholo. Igama kwaba ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi washukumiseleka lapha izinsalela catacombs wamaRoma. Ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane nanhlanu iminyaka koMbusi Constans II waseConstantinople yaletha esuka ethempelini yangaphambili bonke onkulunkulu imihlobiso zethusi namathayili eyayibhalwe, okuyinto baye balisusa phambili kuphela ngemva kokuphenywa kwecala cishe amakhulu amabili eminyaka ngemva kokuba umbusi omkhulu waseConstantinople. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva onkulunkulu waba esonto lobuKristu, zonke izinto zokukhulekela kwakuhanjwa kobuqaba Roma, umfanekiso onkulunkulu baseRoma kwabhujiswa. Ithempeli lamiswao altare, kwakukhona izinto eziqoshwe ngamathambo ezindlovu santa, le nemidwebo isigcawu waseBhayibhelini.

Eminyakeni eyalandela, isiphetho lesi sakhiwo ngokubabazekayo, futhi, kwaba unenviable. Kwaphela isikhathi eside wahlala yizincithakalo, ezifana ngesikhathi Avignon Sopapa. Ngesinye isikhathi yena wayengemuva isikhungo zivela ngalesikhathi umzabalazo phakathi imindeni Roman wekuvana Colonna futhi Orsini, ayezosebenza njengabaqondisi inqaba.

Ubani ungcwatshwa Nethempeli bonke onkulunkulu?

I Renaissance waletha lesiko bangcwabe amasonto ababhishobhi enkulu madoda avelele awashongo isikhathi sakhe. Yehlelwa ke iphathi bese onkulunkulu, bafumana endaweni yabo yokugcina yokuphumula, abadwebi abaningi ngeNkathi Yenguquko, phakathi kwabo omunye amakhosi enkulu nkathi yakhe - Rafael uSanti, ubani onale nengoduso yakhe Maria Bibbienoy, wezakhiwo Baldassare Peruzzi, umculi Arkandzhelo Korelli.

Lapha amanga amakhosi Italy Savoy. Kulendzawo yangaphambilini Temple kwabo bonke onkulunkulu wangcwatshwa ngowokuqala zamakhosi akwa-united Italy - Victor II Emannuil, uYise Izwe, njengoba umbhalo itshe lethuna lakhe. He dumisa umsebenzi wakhe onzima ukuze kuzuze lizwe futhi emzabalazweni yayo ukuze ubunye baso. Indodana yakhe eyamlandela esihlalweni, le unifier Italy, King Umberto wadutshulwa wabulawa ngo-1900, futhi ungcwatshwa onkulunkulu, eduze uyise. Abangu-iminyaka wangcwatshwa onkulunkulu kwakunenkosikazi yesazi Umberto neNdlovukazi Margherita. Unogada ngesikhathi nemingcwabo bobukhosi ukunikeza njalo yokuzithandela futhi abameleli-National Institute of Honour Guards.

Uhambo ukuba onkulunkulu

Onkulunkulu kungavela kokubili kusuka uhambo ihlelwe, isibonelo, ngesikhathi ngivakashele eRoma, futhi uhambe bebodwa, ngawawo wabona bobukhulu bokwakha lasendulo. Indawo yokungena ethempelini ivulwa phakathi am eyesishiyagalolunye kugamanxa ihora kusihlwa futhi nakanjani free, kodwa ivaliwe emphakathini ngo-January 1, May 1 noDisemba 25 - ngeholideyi. Onkulunkulu itholakala Piazza della Rotonda (Piazza della Rotonda). Nokho, kukhona imininingwane eminingana okumelwe icatshangelwe lapho evakashele.

Izinto ukukhumbula uma uvakashela onkulunkulu?

Uma othile unquma ukuvakashela ngesikhathi eseRoma, onkulunkulu - Nethempeli bonke onkulunkulu, kumelwe ukhumbule ukuthi badinga ukulandela imithetho.

• Onkulunkulu endaweni yokuqala kufanele ibe nendlela yokugqoka, ngoba kuyinto ithempeli asebenzayo. Nezingubo kufanele ivalwe. Endabeni kakhulu kungenzeka ukusonga ngokwayo emhlabeni omunye amaduku kubhasikidi kude emnyango.
• Ibandla ayikwazi ukuthwala ukudla neziphuzo.
• Qiniseka ukuvala ifoni ephathekayo. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ethempelini, ungathatha izithombe futhi urekhode amavidyo.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Esinye sezici eziyinhloko oluhlukanisa into kwamasiko phambi kwethu kwaba iqiniso lokuthi Nethempeli bonke onkulunkulu eRoma yasendulo kwakuwukuphela kwendawo lapho akahambe ngokuphelele imuphi umhlali edolobheni futhi bathandaze konkulunkulu babo. + Kwakuyisenzo esasibonisa emisha, ngoba ngaphambi ukuthi amathempeli kwadingeka ukufinyelela kuphela kubapristi.

Kuphela kanye ngonyaka - ngaleso nelanga ehlobo, Juni 21 - imisebe yelanga edlula le "Iso onkulunkulu" (a round imbobo maphakathi Dome of the ethempelini), avelele kufakwe abantu esontweni. Ezinsukwini ezisele kwelanga ntambama yakha uhlobo "Insika ', kanti amawashi bazabela likhanyisa niches statues santa, eziqoshiwe onkulunkulu okuye ezifakwe.

Ukuma oyindilinga ka ingxenye eyinhloko onkulunkulu, ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi uma le ndawo ine pool, ezisisekelo sazo futhi waba isisekelo sethempeli, elakhiwa ngo-Agripha.