Izinkawu futhi indoda - letifanako kanye netintfo letehlukile. Izinhlobo netimphawu nezinkawu yesimanje

Izinkawu (antropomorfidy, noma hominoids) basonta superfamily Old Umhlaba wezinkawu. Lezi zihlanganisa, ikakhulukati, imindeni emibili: hominids kanye nezinkawu ezincane. Yakha Izwe Elidala wezinkawu efana wobuntu. Ukufana kwesimo nalokho okukhulunywa kwenkawu womuntu futhi eziyisisekelo, siyivumele ukuba ubheke taxon efanayo.

kwemvelo

nezinkawu bavela okokuqala ngasekupheleni Oligocene Elidala Umhlaba. Kwakungenxa million amathathu edlule. Phakathi okhokho wezinkawu le bakudala kakhulu gibbonoobraznye abantu eyaziwa - propliopithecus, kusukela ezishisayo laseGibhithe. Kukithi kubo okwengeziwe sekukhona driopithecus, gibbon anezintende futhi pliopithecus. I Miocene kwenzeka ukwanda okukhulu kwenani nokwehluka zinhlobo nezinkawu ke ekhona. Kulesi sikhathi zimakwa Izindawo driopithecus nezinye hominoids ensimini ka eYurophu nase-Asia. Phakathi kwezilwane Asian babe kokumethemba njengama-orangutan. Ngokwe-molecular biology yomuntu nezinkawu ihlukaniswe iziqu ezimbili engaba iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi 8-6 edlule.

uyathola ezimbiwa phansi

I ezindala kakhulu ezaziwayo humanoid kubhekwe rukvapiteki, kamoyapithecus, morotopithecus, limnopiteki, ugandapiteki futhi Ramapithecus. Ezinye izazi zinombono wokuthi nezinkawu yesimanje - inzalo parapithecus. Kodwa lokhu akukhona nje ukulungisiswa anele ngenxa ukusweleka izinsalela yokugcina. Ngenxa hominoid relict libhekisela isidalwa wasenganekwaneni - a Snowman.

incazelo wezinkawu

Izinkawu makhulu kunawomuntu yomzimba izinkawu ngabanye. Izwe Elidala wezinkawu ungenalo umsila, callosities ischial (zikhona elincane gibbon anezintende kuphela), esihlathini anezikhwama. Isici nobuntu hominoids kuyinto indlela yabo ukunyakaza ngokukhululekile. Esikhundleni ezihambayo zonke yesiqephu amagatsha, they qhubeka ngaphansi amagatsha ikakhulu ezandleni. Le ndlela ukunyakaza ngokuthi brachiation. Ukuzijwayeza ukusebenzisa kwayo eyenza izinguquko yokwakheka: ngaphezulu izingalo nezimo futhi eside, isicaba isifuba isiqondiso anterior-posterior. Zonke nezinkawu bayakwazi ukuhlala ngemilenze yangemuva, ngaleyo ndlela ekunciphiseni phambi. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo hominoid libhekene nesimo sobuso evuthiwe, ikhono lokucabanga futhi sihlaziye.

Ngokungafani nezinkawu womuntu

Izwe Elidala wezinkawu inezinwele okuningi, ezihlanganisa cishe yonke inyama yakhe, ngaphandle ezindaweni ezincane. Naphezu ukufana kwabantu kwenkawu kule nokwakheka amathambo, izandla kubantu athuthukile kahle kakhulu futhi ube obuphelele sifushane. Ngesikhathi imilenze efanayo Umhlaba wezinkawu Old mancane athuthukile, kancane futhi mfushane. Izinkawu uhambe kalula phakathi kwezihlahla. abantu ngokuvamile zivuleka phezu amagatsha. Phakathi uhambo, njengoba umthetho, bajwayele zonke izitho. Abanye abantu bakhetha lo indlela yokuhambisa "ukuhamba ngezibhakela." Kulokhu, isisindo umzimba is adluliselwe ku-iminwe, okuyinto ababuthelwa ku isibhakela. Ukungaboni ngaso indoda futhi abe uhlobo lwenkawu olungavamile ibonakala ezingeni intelligence. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izinyoni Izwe Elidala ezibhekwa phakathi wezinkawu uhlakaniphe ngempela, ukuthambekela zabo zomqondo akuzona njengoba athuthukile njengoba kubantu. Nokho, cishe yonke unekhono ukufunda.

ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo

Izinkawu abahlala emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo-Asia ne-Afrika. Ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo hlobo lwezinkawu ejwayelekile kwendawo yazo nendlela yawo yokuphila. Izimfene, isibonelo, yemifino kuhlanganise, siphile emhlabathini emithini. Lezi abameleli wezinkawu zivamile emahlathini Afrika cishe zonke izinhlobo futhi amathafa evulekile. Nokho, kunezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingu (Bonobo, isibonelo) atholakala kuphela ezindaweni ezishisayo ezinomswakama of the Congo Basin. Gorilla zenyathi: ehlanzeni esempumalanga nengxenye esentshonalanga - ijwayeleke kakhulu emahlathini ezinomswakama Afrika, kanye nabamele zinhlobo ihlathi entabeni uthanda isimo sezulu sifudumele. Lezi wezinkawu akuvamile ukukhuphuka izihlahla kusukela massiveness yayo futhi eyenziwa phansi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Gorilla bahlala ngamaqembu, inani lamalungu kushintsha njalo. Ama-orangutan, kunalokho, futhi njengoba umthetho. Bona bahlala emaxhaphozini noluhlala ezimanzi, ukukhuphuka kahle izihlahla, kusukela legatsha ukuba igatsha lihamba kancane kodwa ngobuqili ngokwanele. izingalo zabo made kakhulu - ukufinyelela emaqakaleni.

inkulumo

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu baye bafuna ngixhumane izilwane. Ososayensi abaningi ezihilelekile ukuqeqeshwa ikhipha nezinkawu anthropoid inkulumo. Nokho, umsebenzi akazange nemiphumela elindelekile. Primates ungenziwa kuphela ukushicilela umsindvo ngamunye kancane efana amagama nolwazimagama sisonke sincane kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma ziqhathaniswa upholi ukukhuluma. Iqiniso liwukuthi esikhathini ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo bengekho e Old Umhlaba wezinkawu izakhi ezithile umsindo Generating, elihambisana imizimba yabantu. Yilokhu uchaza ukungakwazi abantu ukuthuthukisa amakhono yalo ehlukahlukene yokubiza amagama modulated imisindo. Inkulumo ethi imizwelo eyalo izinkawu ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ucingo ukuba banake kubo - umsindo "er", isifiso abanothando wabonakaliswa chugging, usongo noma ukwesaba - a shrill, scream abukhali. Omunye Umuntu ufunda kwemizwa ezinye zibuka Inkulumo yokuveza imizwelo yakho, ukwamukela lezi noma nezinye izimpawu. Ukuze kudluliswe noma iluphi ulwazi njengoba izindlela eziyisisekelo kukhona sebuso, kunyakata kwemtimba, ukuma. Unalokhu engqondweni, abacwaningi baye bazama uqale ukukhuluma izinkawu usebenzisa ulimi lwezandla, esisetshenziselwa abantu abayizithulu. izinkawu Young baqeqeshiwe izimpawu ngokushesha ngokwanele. Ngemva kwenkathi kwetfulwe esifushane abantu ithuba ukuxoxa izilwane.

umbono ngobuhle

Abacwaningi kuqashelwe, hhayi ngaphandle ukwaneliseka, ukuthi izinkawu kakhulu othanda umdvwebo. Kulokhu, lo wezinkawu uyokwenza ngokucophelela okwanele. Uma ukunikeza inkawu iphepha, ibhulashi uyipende ngomfanekiso lutho, wayezoba uzame hhayi ukuya phezu emaphethelweni ishidi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane abahlukene indiza iphepha ngempela ngobuciko ibe izingxenye eziningana. Ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lo hlobo lwezinkawu Umdwebo ephawulekayo ashukumisayo, Rhythmic, egcwele ngokuvumelana kokubili umbala nokuma. Hhayi kanye ngakwazi ukubonisa umsebenzi izilwane yezobuciko. Abacwaningi ukuqhuba hlobo lwezinkawu kuqashelwe ukuthi izinkawu babe umqondo tebuciko, yize buvela ifomu sombungu. Ngokwesibonelo, ubukele izilwane eziphilayo entandweni, babona umuntu ehlezi kwelanga emaphethelweni ehlathini mesmerized ukubukela nentshonalanga.