Ubungako bokudlulisa: inqubo ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo. ukusabela yenuzi

Isihloko bakhuluma ngalokho a ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo njengoba inqubo kutholwe futhi kuchazwe. Adalule ukusebenzisa kwayo njengoba umthombo wamandla kanye izikhali zenuzi.

athomu "Indivisible"

kwekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye igcwele izinkulumo ezinjengokuthi 'amandla e-athomu "," ubuchwepheshe enuzi "," kwemfucumfucu enemisebe yenuzi ". Njalo manje bese sematheni zagcwala imibiko mayelana nokwenzeka kwazo imisebe zenhlabathi, izilwandle, ice-Antarctic. Nokho, abantu abavamile bona ngokuvamile hhayi umqondo omuhle kakhulu lokho endaweni isayensi nokuthi kusiza ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Kufanele uqale, mhlawumbe, kanye izindaba. Kusukela umbuzo wokuqala kakhulu, okuyinto wabuza indoda ethile ukuze wondleke kahle futhi egqoke kahle, wayefuna ukwazi ukuthi izwe isebenza. Kanjani ukuthi amehlo akubonayo, indlebe ezwa ukuthi kungani kuka amanzi ihlukile itshe - yilokho zo ngezikhathi ukunakekelwa kudala. Ngisho e lasendulo India naseGrisi, abanye bebuza izingqondo baye basikisela ukuthi kukhona ubuncane kuyizinhlayiyana (futhi ibizwa nangokuthi "indivisible"), ne izakhiwo material. bamakhemikhali Medieval waqinisekisa ukuqagela ngokuhlakanipha, definition athomu yesimanje zihlanganisa i-athomu - the kuyizinhlayiyana kulencane into okuyinto othwala impahla.

athomu izingxenye

Nokho, ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe (isib, izithombe) kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi i-athomu saphela kube kuyizinhlayiyana kulencane okungenzeka ndaba. Nakuba kuthathwe eceleni athomu kuyinto kagesi hlangothi, ososayensi Kwasheshe: ke inezingxenye ezimbili amacala ahlukene. Isibalo amayunithi kahle icala inani negative ivala ngaleyo ndlela uhlala athomu hlangothi. Kodwa kwakungekho imodeli ocacile ye-athomu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi namanje kubuswa physics classical, ukuthi kwakukhona ezizathwini ezahlukene.

imodeli kuyi-athomu ye

Ekuqaleni, model of "isinkwa esimhlophe raisin" kwahlongozwa. Icala omuhle njengoba ugcwalisa isikhala yonke ye-athomu futhi, efana omisiwe ngendlela Bun, amacala ezimbi anikezwa. Adume ucwaningo uRutherford okufunwayo okulandelayo: okungukuthi kakhulu ezisindayo isici nge omuhle icala (nucleus), futhi ezungezwe nge okuningi ukuxegiselwa electron maphakathi ye-athomu. Kernel Isisindo kaningi ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho isamba sazo zonke electron (okuyinto 99.9 amaphesenti ngesilinganiso sama-athomu Imininingwane). Yavela kanjalo-ke kwamaplanethi imodeli kuyi-athomu ye Bohr. Nokho, ezinye izakhi zalo Iyaphikisana wamukele ngesikhathi physics classical. Ngakho-ke, lo omusha quantum Mechanics yasungulwa. Nge ukubukeka kwayo le nkathi yaqala isayensi nonclassical.

I-athomu kanye radioactivity

Kusukela zonke lezi zindlela osekukhulunywe kuba sobala ukuthi ikhenela - it is a esindayo, ingxenye kahle icala ye-athomu, yikuphi okwenza ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi ke. Lapho quantization energy futhi isikhundla sokuba electron ezungeza i-athomu eziye zahlolisiswa kahle, sekuyisikhathi ukuqonda ubunjalo nucleus yama-athomu. Yabizwa kosizo ukutholakala ekhaliphile okungalindelekile radioactivity. Kunokuba sikhungatheke noma sidumazeke ukumambula okushiwo esindayo maphakathi athomu, njengoba enemisebe umthombo - yenuzi ukuqoqwa. Ekuqaleni kwawo-nesishiyagalolunye eminyaka edlula, ukuvulwa bawa enye ngemva kwenye. isixazululo echazwa inkinga eyodwa okwenza isidingo setha nakho ezintsha. Imiphumela zokuhlola emenza eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma nemibono ukuthi kudingeka ukuqinisekisa noma ukuphikisa. Ngokuvamile, uvele okwatholwa enkulu, ngenxa nje yokuthi ngale ndlela ifomula ekahle Computing (ezifana quantum Max Planck). Ekuqaleni kwenkathi of Photography, ososayensi wayazi ukuthi i-uranium nosawoti ukukhanya abaphulukisa ifilimu ukukhanya-sensitive, kodwa abazange bazi ukuthi ngesisekelo lesi simo sibangelwa ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo. Ngakho-ke, i-radioactivity wahlolwa ukuze uzwisise imvelo kwamazinyo zenuzi. Kusobala ukuthi ekushayweni quantum ukuhwebelana evelile, kodwa ukuthi yini edale ukuthi kuyini. Chet Curie ekhishwe Radium okumsulwa kanye polonium, sicubungula uranium-ore cishe ngesandla ukuze uthole impendulo yalo mbuzo.

Shaja ngemisebe

URutherford kuye kwafeza lukhulu ngokuba Ukufunda ngokwakheka kwezakhi atomic nakho kwaba nengxenye ekusindeni izifundo zendlela Ukuhlukaniswa nucleus athomu. Usosayensi ukubeka emisebeni wukukhanya isici yokuguga kazibuthe ngathola yi okukhulu. Kwavela ukuthi emisebeni siqukethe izingxenye ezintathu: eyodwa akathathi hlangothi kanye nezinye ezimbili - kahle futhi omubi icala. cwaningo ukuqoqwa owaqala ngokuvukela ukuhlonza izingxenye zalo. Kuye kungase kutholakale ukuthi umnyombo zingahlukaniswa, ukunikeza ingxenye ukushaja omuhle.

Isakhiwo nucleus

kamuva kwavela ukuthi i-nucleus yama-athomu yakhiwa hhayi kuphela kahle icala zesandulela-proton, kodwa engathathi hlangothi neutron izinhlayiya. Ndawonye bebizwa nucleons (kusuka IsiZulu «nucleus», ikhenela). Nokho, ososayensi baye futhi ihlangabezane nenkinga: nenqwaba nucleus (ie inani nucleons) akazange njalo zivumelana ukushaja. Y-hydrogen-nucleus has a ophethe +1, futhi ungqimba kungenzeka amathathu, amabili, futhi omunye. Ngo uyalilandela ku lwezakhi helium icala core 2, ne-nucleus yayo iqukethe 4 kuya ku-6 nucleons. izakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ungaba inombolo olukhudlwana ukugudluka ezahlukene ukukhokha efanayo. ukuhlukahluka okunjalo zama-athomu ngokuthi isotopes. Futhi abanye babo ababezisebenzisa isotopes esitebeleni ngempela, abanye ngokushesha isihlakazeka, ngoba kubo kwathiwa libhekene ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo. Isiphi isisekelo uhambisane nenani nucleons ukuzinza nuclei? Kungani ukwengeza neutron eyodwa kuphela-nucleus esindayo oqine ngempela kwaholela yokuhlukanisa yakhe ukukhulula ka-radioactivity? Okuxakayo nje impendulo yalo mbuzo obalulekile ingakamiswa ezitholakele. Empirically, kwatholakala ukuthi inani elithile proton kanye neutrons zivumelana ukucupha nzile nuclei. Uma core 2, 4, 8, neutrons 50 kanye / noma ama-proton, ikhenela ngeke oyingqayizivele esitebeleni. Lezi zinombolo kuze ngisho kubhekiselwe kuzo njengoba imilingo (wasebiza ibizo labo njengoba abadala, ososayensi, yesayensi yenuzi). Ngakho, ubungako bokudlulisa incike mass yabo, okungukuthi, inani nucleons zabo abamelwe.

Ulahle, ikhava, crystal

Anqume isici ukuthi unesibopho, kwakungenakwenzeka okwamanje ngoba ukuzinza nucleus. Kunemibono eminingi yama-athomu isakhiwo onobuhle. Abathathu edume kakhulu futhi yathuthukiswa kaningi ngesikhathi abaxabene ezindabeni ezahlukene. Esokuqala siwukuthi nengaphakathi - iconsi liquid ekhethekile zenuzi. Njengoba amanzi, it libhekene fluidity, ebusweni kwadambisa isimo esasishubile, Fusion futhi ibole. Ngo imodeli igobolondo ikhenela kakhulu, kukhona amazinga athile amandla, zazo zigcwele nucleons. Esesithathu sithi nengaphakathi - konemimoya ukuthi uyakwazi refract wavelength ethize (de Broglie), lapho Inkomba yezokubona - kuyinto bezikhali amandla. Nokho, akukho imodeli uhlulekile kuze kube manje ukuchaza ngokugcwele ukuthi kungani ngezinye mass ezithile ezibucayi lokhu ikakhulukazi amakhemikhali isici, wokuqhekeka nucleus iqala.

Kwenzekani kwamazinyo

I imisebe, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, itholwe izinto kungatholakala imvelo: i-uranium, polonium, Radium. Ngokwesibonelo, ezisanda kukhiqizwa, i-uranium okumsulwa enemisebe. inqubo eqhekeza kulokhu kuyoba nokuguqulwa. Ngaphandle zangaphandle ithonya lemali ezithile zama-athomu uranium ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana-alpha izinhlayiya angesabi siguqulelwa cindezela. Kuyinto Inkomba ebizwe nenxenye ukuphila. Ibonisa, isikhathi isikhathi kusukela ekuqaleni ingxenye izinombolo kuyoba cishe ingxenye yako. Ngalinye timphawu enemisebe isigamu-ukuphila yayo - kusuka ngesekhondi eCalifornia emakhulwini ezinkulungwane eminyaka ukuba lezi uranium futhi cesium. Kodwa kukhona umsebenzi bephoqeleka. Uma nuclei-athomu bombarding proton noma i-alpha izinhlayiya (helium nuclei) nge high energy kinetic, bangaba "ukuhlukaniswa." ukuguqulwa indlela Yiqiniso, sihluke kanjani ozithandayo kamama iphula vase. Nokho, umfanekiso othile usukela.

amandla e-athomu

Kuze kube manje siye akaphendulanga umbuzo esisebenzayo: kuphi amandla e ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo. Okokuqala kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi ngesikhathi kumiswa nucleus kukhona amandla akhethekile zenuzi, ngokuthi ukuxhumana namandla. Njengoba umongo siqukethe iqoqo proton omuhle, umbuzo uyasala, unamathela kanjani ndawonye, ngoba amabutho electrostatic babe namandla ngokwanele ukuba akwazi ukuxosha kwabo komunye nomunye. Impendulo kokubili elula, futhi kukhona: nengaphakathi kugcinwa ngezithukuthuku exchange ngokushesha kakhulu phakathi nucleons izinhlayiya ekhethekile - pions. Lokhu isixhumanisi uhlala Liyindawo encane. Uma sinqanyuliwe exchange of pi-mesons, umongo disintegrates. kanye nje kuyaziwa ukuthi nenqwaba nucleus ingaphansi isamba sonke nucleons yayo ephambili. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi isici mass. Eqinisweni, i-mass ulahlekile - iyona energy ukuthi ichithwa nokugcina ubuqotho ikhenela. Uma ehlukanisiwe kusukela e-athomu nucleus ezinye ingxenye yaleli amandla ikhiqizwa ngamandla enuzi izitshalo futhi eguquliwe ku ukushisa. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana zamandla ubungako bokudlulisa - kuyinto esobala ifomula Einstein odumile. Khumbula, ifomula ofunda njengoba: amandla kanye mass zingaphendulwa zibe yizindawo yokuhlanganela nezinye (uE = mc ^{2) ngamunye.}

Theory kanye umkhuba

Manje usitshele ukuthi isetshenziswa ukutholakala luyingxenye theory empilweni yami ngoba gigawatts kukagesi. Okokuqala, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ukusabela elawulwa ukuqoqwa eyenga isetshenziswa. Ngokuvamile kuba uranium noma polonium, okuyinto ukujikijelwa ngu neutrons okusheshayo. Okwesibili, Kufanele kwaziwe kodwa ukuthi ubungako bokudlulisa kuhambisana ukudalwa neutrons entsha. Ngenxa yalokho, inani neutrons ezonini ukuphendula uyakwazi zikhule ngokushesha kakhulu. neutron ngamunye ishayisa entsha, izikhwebu wonke ngaphezulu, iqhekeka kubo, okuholela ekwandeni ukushisa isizukulwane. Lena ukusabela chain of ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo. amanani engalawuliwe neutron kwenyuswa ophendulayo kungaholela ukuqhuma. Yilokho okwenzeka ngo-1986 eChernobyl amandla enuzi. Ngakho-ke, ezonini ukuphendula njalo into olubamba neutrons ngokweqile ukuvimbela kuyinhlekelele. Lokhu-graphite ngesimo izinduku ezinde. ukuqoqwa izinga kungenziwa behlisa ngu ngibhapathiza izinduku ezonini ukuphendula. Isibalo imeyli engahlonziwe senziwa ngqo impahla ngayinye asebenzayo futhi enemisebe bombarding izinhlayiya zayo (ama-electron, ama-proton, i-alpha izinhlayiya). Nokho, kokugcina amandla okukhipha ibalwe umthetho ukulondolozwa: E1 + E2 + E3 = E4. Okungukuthi, amandla ingqikithi kokuqala core kuyizinhlayiyana futhi (E1 + E2) kufanele alingane amandla core okuholela kanye namandla khulula ezikhishwe ngesimo (E3 + E4). I kwesibalo futhi sikhombisa i-imeyli engahlonziwe, ikhemikhali etholakala ngokuzikhandla yokubola. Ngokwesibonelo, i-uranium U = Th + Yena, U = PB + Ne, U = HG + MG. It is hhayi inikwe isotopes samakhemikhali, kodwa lokhu kubalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona ezintathu amathuba uranium ukuqoqwa, okuyinto ukukhiqiza ehlukene phambili isotopes, futhi neon. Cishe eziyikhulu amaphesenti ukusabela ukuqoqwa ukhiqiza isotopes enemisebe. Okungukuthi, ukubola uranium etholwe cindezela enemisebe. Cindezela njalo, nkinga uyakwazi iba yingxenye yomhlabathi, ukuthi - ukuze actinium, nokunye. Radioactive kulolu chungechunge kungaba, futhi bismuth ne titanium. Ngisho hydrogen equkethe nucleus proton ezimbili (ngesilinganiso eyodwa-proton), esibizwa ngenye - deuterium. Amanzi wakhiwa hydrogen ngokuthi esindayo futhi igcwalise wesifunda wokuqala endaweni enuzi.

athomu-non-obunokuthula

Izinkulumo ezinjengokuthi "izingalo uhlanga", "iMpi Yomshoshaphansi", "usongo lwenuzi" umuntu wanamuhla kungase kubonakale zomlando asihlobene. Kodwa uma zonke ukukhululwa izindaba ubephelezelwa imibiko izindaba cishe emhlabeni wonke mayelana nendlela yasungulwa kakhulu izikhali zenuzi nendlela ukulwa naso. Abantu bakhela bunkers komhlaba kanye wenza amasheya kwenzeka ebusika zenuzi. Wonke amalungu emikha- wasebenza phezu kwendalo labo abahlala ezikhungweni zabangenamakhaya. Ngisho nokusetshenziswa obunokuthula zenuzi ukuqoqwa ukusabela kungaholela enhlekeleleni. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi eChernobyl kunifundisile isintu ukunemba kule ndawo, kodwa izakhi njengoba planethi sasinamandla: ekuzamazameni komhlaba eJapane ubuhlungu oluqinisayo eyizingqabavu kakhulu NPP "Fukushima". Amandla-imeyli engahlonziwe esetshenziselwa kubhujiswa lesi kulula kakhulu. Ubuchwepheshe kudinga kuphela amandla elilinganiselwe kuqhuma, ukuze singathwesi engaqondile abhubhise yonke le mbulunga. Kakhulu "ngenhlonipho" amabhomu, uma ikani ucingo ke, Aziyingcolisi ndawo yokukhishwa kwemisebe. Ngokuvamile, avame basebenzisa i engalawuliwe chain reaction. Yini e amandla enuzi izitshalo silwele nakanjani ukugwema izindawo ezinamabhomu ukufeza ngendlela bakudala kakhulu. Ngoba noma yisiphi isici yemvelo enemisebe, kukhona ezinye mass esibucayi lomcebo okumsulwa lapho ukusabela chain kuphakama uqobo. Uranium, isibonelo, kuyinto amakhilogremu amahlanu kuphela. Njengoba i-uranium kuyinto okunzima kakhulu, kumane encane ibhola metal 12-15 amasentimitha ububanzi. Amabhomu lokuqala le-athomu eHiroshima naseNagasaki ayenziwa ngokunembile lesi simiso: izingxenye ezimbili ngokungalingani uranium okumsulwa nje kuhlanganiswe futhi emenza kuqhuma elesabekayo. izikhali anamuhla cishe eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Nokho, mayelana mass esibucayi akudingekile ukukhohlwa ukuthi phakathi amavolumu elincane okumsulwa Radioactive ngesikhatsi isitoreji kufanele kube izithiyo esikuvimbela izingcezu ndawonye.

imithombo ngemisebe

Zonke izingxenye nucleus yama-athomu nenkokhiso phezu 82 enemisebe. Cishe zonke ukuxegiselwa izakhi zamakhemikhali babe isotopes enemisebe. Olunesisindo esikhudlwana lwaluba nucleus kancane isikhathi sokuphila kwalo. Amanye ama-elementi (ezifana California) kungenziwa kuphela etholwe synthetically - baphokophelele ama-athomu esindayo izinhlayiya lula, ngokuvamile accelerators. Njengoba ziyizidalwa engazinzile kakhulu, zingekho ungqimba lomhlaba: ukwakheka iplanethi, basheshe sesibolile kwezinye izakhi. Izinto nokukhanya nuclei ngaphezulu, ezifana-uranium, kungenzeka ukuba kukhishwe. Le nqubo lide, efanelekayo yezimayini i-uranium, ngisho imikhando ocebile kakhulu aqukethe amaphesenti angaphansi. Indlela yesithathu, mhlawumbe, ubonisa ukuthi enkathini entsha Geological uqalile. Lokhu isizinda izakhi enemisebe udoti enemisebe. Ngemva fuel usebenza isitshalo amandla, ku umkhumbi noma umkhumbi othwala izindiza, ingxube kokuqala impahla kanye nokwe-uranium sokugcina, umphumela division. Okwamanje, kubhekwa kukadoti enemisebe futhi kubiza udaba olunameva, njengoba bebizwa ulahlwa ngendlela yokuthi abazi zingcolisa indawo esizungezile. Nokho, kukhona kungenzeka ukuthi ukulungele-bagxila izinto radioactive esikhathini esizayo esiseduze (isibonelo, polonium), uzobe kukhiqizwa kusuka lokhu kusaphaza okungaka.