Izigaba ngemvelo kanye nencazelo emfushane. The main izihloko kwemvelo

Man, ekubeni ingxenye noosphere, ubhekene izimpikiswano emphakathini nge imvelo. Isayensi, uhlola futhi ihlaziya uxhumano kwemiphakathi eziphilayo nomunye futhi indawo yabo, kanye ukutadisha umthelela izici zemvelo plant, isilwane nezinye izinhlobo zokuphila, ngokuthi ngemvelo. Ukuze isifundo okwengeziwe ngalesi siyalo begazi uhlukaniswe imikhakha: synecology, autecology, labantu ngesimiso semvelo, ngemvelo womuntu.

Ziyakwazi edidiyelwe kanye ziyingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi multidisciplinary ebandakanya izindawo hhayi kuphela ngemvelo, kodwa futhi ukuba neminye imikhakha yesayensi: ezomnotho, kwabantu, Psychology. Lesi sihloko sizohlaziya imikhakha yesayensi kwemvelo futhi ukuzimisela ukubaluleka kwabo ukukhula komuntu ngokuvumelana nemvelo.

izihloko kwemvelo kanye nencazelo emfushane

Inhloso isiyalo ngokujulile futhi ngokuphelele ngezici ezihlukahlukene isayensi: begazi, zenhlalo nezomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, ugxila izici zobudlelwane phakathi kwezitshalo, izilwane namagciwane kusukela zabo imvelo jikelele ngemvelo njengoba isayensi. Lemvelo kuxazululwa izinkinga imiphakathi yokuziphilisa zemvelo. Geoecology ucabangela imininingwane imiphakathi ehlala baphila ezimweni ezithile womhlaba: ezintabeni, angenasawoti amachibi, izilwandle, njll Ngokulandelayo, sicabanga izihloko ezingenhla nezinye kwemvelo kabanzi ...

izinhloso jikelele kwemvelo

Into ebaluleke kakhulu kubo - ekutadisheni imithombo yemvelo amazinga yenhlangano zabo. isigaba okunjalo njengoba autecology, uhlela okunhlobonhlobo zezemvelo, delimiting kubo ezicini abiotic, biotic nangabantu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kubaluleke lokushisa, ukukhanya namanzi ngenxa yokuphila izitshalo, izilwane kanye nabantu. Ososayensi futhi ihlaziye lithathelwe, okuzovela bedle ezishintshashintshayo kokubili imiphakathi kanye ezingeni biogeocoenose.

Synecology, njengabanye amagatsha ngemvelo yesimanje, ihlola nokuxhumana izakhi biogeocoenose ezingeni amaqembu eziphilayo zinhlobo ezahlukene. Basuke obonakaliswe amafomu ezifana mutualism, parasitism, commensalism, Symbiosis. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi yizici zemvelo bafundelwa ezingeni kwemvelo, refracted ngokusebenzisa izinhlobo eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene zokuphila, ukuthi umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwabo ocwaningweni kwenziwe, isibonelo, Climatology, inhlabathi isayensi Hydrology.

Population ngemvelo - isihluthulelo sokuqonda ukusebenza biocenosis

Lesi sigaba se-Isayensi yezemvelo etadisha izakhiwo amayunithi eziyisisekelo isakhi eziphilayo nemvelo - labantu. Lo mqondo ihlanganisa iqembu eziphilayo zohlobo olulodwa ehlala endaweni evamile - ndawo. isiyalo Scientific, kanye ezinye izindawo ezibalulekile kwemvelo, categorizes labantu ku izinhlobo zendawo, ezindawo kanye nezemvelo. Sidingida ngokuningiliziwe property eziphilayo nemiphakathi ezifana ikhono nokuzala kanye kwemvelo, ukugqamisa izinhlobo zawo - unomphela futhi yesikhashana. I wokugcina inqubo phylogeny kungenziwa siguqulelwa labantu unomphela noma iqedwe.

Indlela ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo umphakathi

Ukuqhubeka esinengqondo cwaningo labantu izici eziphilayo kuyinto synecology. NjengoFritz nezinye izingxenye emvelweni jikelele, uhlola ubuhlobo amaphethini eziphilayo zinhlobo ezahlukene ukuthi sezisunguliwe ngokuhamba kwemvelo. Zibonisa isigaba sabefundisi imvelo aqukethe amazinga okhonzile. Izifundo zokuphila isitshalo, izilokazane ezincane, ukuhlangana nezilwane endaweni yazo yemvelo olwenziwe ososayensi ukusungulwa imithetho, ukuhlela nabo biocenoses.

Indlela izinto eziphilayo lokuzivumelanisa nokushintsha yizici zemvelo?

Lo mbuzo uzophendulwa ngokucabangela izihloko ezisemqoka kwemvelo, ikakhulukazi eyala ezifana autecology. It washayelwa a postulates ezimbalwa, ichaza izindlela okuzivumelanisa, ezifana umthetho kulungiselelwa elikhulu umzimba ngamunye umngcele ngokuphila kwakhe ngenxa wonke izici abiotic (ngokulinganiselwa kokubekezela okuthiwa). Maphakathi lo mkhakha wokuphila futhi olwenzeka endaweni okuthiwa elikhulu. Lokhu uhla izimo okuphilwa ngaphansi evumayo amaningi eziphilayo.

Ngenxa Ukuwohloka abukhali imvelo kwezesayensi kwadingeka ukuhlonza lithathelwe izindlela okubuya eziphilayo ngenxa physico-zamakhemikhali enemisebe ukungcola uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli.

imithelela Human ku biogeocoenoses

It icubungulisise ufundwa eyala eziningana yesayensi, ifake izigaba of Applied Lemvelo. Njengoba umuntu ekuthuthukiseni umkhakha nengqalasizinda, ukuthunga, nezolimo. It siyashintsha ubuso izimiso zemvelo? Kanjani isicelo nanotechnology eziphambili oguqula ebusweni bomhlaba? Izimpendulo zale mibuzo kanye usinikeze izihloko ezilandelayo kwemvelo: imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinhlelo ezenziwe umuntu, ngemvelo Urban, Biospherology. izici yabantu, kokubili oqondile (isib, ukungcola hydrosphere yamanzi ezimbonini nasemizini imfucuza, ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi okuzingela, ukuzingela ngokungemthetho) noma ngokungaqondile (isibonelo, ukudalwa ulwandle yokufakelwa - amanzi amadamu, zilima izwe, okuholela ukuguguleka nomhlabathi usawoti, amanzi kwamaxhaphozi), shintsha ibhalansi biosystems yemvelo - biocenoses futhi usongo ngqo eziphilayo emhlabeni. IRed Book - isiqinisekiso okuphawulekayo isenzo sobugebengu lomuntu, okuholela yokuqothulwa nokufa lenqwaba zilwane.

Osetshenziswayo amathemba Lemvelo

Lena legatsha ngokulinganiswa ayemncane yesayensi, ilungu izigaba kwemvelo. Ithebula elingezansi ichaza zonke amagatsha alo substructure ezihlobene nemisebenzi eyinhloko emphakathini wesintu, futhi ubudlelwano nemvelo.

Ngakho Bioresource kanye nemvelo ezimbonini inikeza engashiyi izindlela zokuxhashazwa umhlaba wokulima, amahlathi, ezilwandle kanye nezinye izimiso zezinto eziphilayo, okuyinto yenzelwa ekulondolozeni abo okuzala futhi umkhiqizo.

Ukuphuthuma ucwaningo ngemvelo Urban

Ukutadisha eminyangweni ehlukahlukene kwemvelo, ukugxila isiyalo, ukhanyisa izinkinga ezindaweni zasemadolobheni futhi ukungalingani ezihambisana e nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda zasemadolobheni kanye biogeocoenose lapho ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni kwenzeka. Ukushisa amanzi supply, ukukhucululwa, amanethiwekhi ezokuthutha, izindawo ngoba indle okuqinile adalwe indoda, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokunaka ukuphepha izinhlelo zemvelo. Ngenxa yalokhu nehlathi lemvelo emasimini zinyamalale, babe amachibi engajulile, ekunqabeni labantu izinambuzane, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane ku-ecosystem. Ngenxa yalokho, amadolobha anamuhla conglomerates omkhulu ephezulu liphumele zakhiwe epulasitiki, ingilazi nokhonkolo. Ziyakwazi ngokuphelele engekho izinhlelo engokwemvelo.

ngemvelo Urban uzama azamukelayo, ukuyekethisa ukusebenza izindlela kakade wakha imizi, kanye ichaza nezidingo ekwakheni imizi emisha izidingo yezinto zemvelo: ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni. Isayensi sibikezela imiphumela yezenzo zesintu futhi uyazifeza isimo inhlabathi zokuqapha, amanzi kanye isimo emadolobheni amakhulu.