Zindlela uhlobo

Asho ukuthini amazwi athi, "nendlela nohlobo"? Ngaphambi le ngxoxo sina ukukhunjuzwa anecdote.

Ugijimela izakhamuzi ukuba umakhelwane wakhe, futhi usike ikhabe ngesigamu, amaphela ngaphakathi kwaso futhi kubeka kwesigamu ikhabe nge amaphela izibopho. Scraper kumangala ebuza umakhelwane wakhe ukuthi wayenza.

Kungokufanayo wahleka inhlinini emtshela ukuthi lokhu nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi Ukukhetha. "Lokho imihuzuko ikhabe nge amaphela, uthola ezihlukahlukene entsha. Sika ikhabe, wena shaya ucezu etafuleni, futhi imbewu-ngakho amaphela ngokwabo kusukela ikhabe futhi uphelelwa, ucashe ayangena! "

funny Ngempela! Futhi zonke ngoba esinye isakhamuzi, in Kungenzeka, it is ngokuphelele abaqondi ukuthi kukhona izimfuneko ezithile ukuze uhlobo begazi eziphilayo. Awukwazi wenze ukukhetha, hhayi phakathi izinambuzane kanye nezitshalo okuqondene imibuso ehlukene eziphilayo kuphela kodwa ngisho phakathi ithanga ikhabe, kusukela lezi zitshalo bangabanye iminyango ehlukene, amakilasi, imindeni, ingasaphathwa ukubukwa.

Ukuzimisela uhlobo umzimba noma ngabanye kusekelwe eziningi izimpawu. Ngenye indlela, lezi zimpawu kungenziwa ngokuthi zindlela. Leli gama livela esiGrekini "lokunquma", okusho - ". Kusho ukuthi ijaji"

Ukuhlukanisa eziphilayo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu futhi uhlobo zindlela, siphakamise morphological, bokuphila, kwamakhemikhali, zofuzo nokuma kwezwe.

Isimo sokunquma uthayiphe - a izici taxonomic ethize ukuze zilwane kodwa ngingekho abanye. Zisese kwezinye izimo ukubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlola. "Olukhulu Lesitshalo" okuthiwa NI Vavilov izici eziyinkimbinkimbi, ikuvumela ukuba ufake idilimitha okunokwethenjelwa interspecific.

Isimo sokunquma zinhlobo zihlukaniswe eziyisisekelo, ezisetshenziswa for izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo, futhi ekahle ukuzimisela akupheleli lapho. Ukuhlolwa zofuzo kusekelwe yokuthi isici esiyinhloko umbuthano elithile labantu kuyinto ehlukile inombolo, isayizi shape of kuma-chromosome. Lokhu kuveza inqubo kunzima kakhulu ka meiosis.

Ngenxa yalokho, lo exchange isakhi sofuzo phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene iyindlala, ukuhlinzeka zofuzo zinhlobo ukuzimela. Ngenxa yalokhu ukwehluka iyagcinwa yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni.

Kodwa zinhlobo test zofuzo akuyona jikelele. Ngokwesibonelo, hybridization izitshalo kuvamile emhlabeni ubanzi kakhulu. Engingakusho nje kokukhumbula yinto enhle on ukukhethwa usosayensi enkulu - Michurina sezitshalo ukuqonda ukuthi athola nzalo interspecific phakathi izitshalo iveza isimo esingokoqobo.

Pear apula izinhlobo, amajikijolo, ama-raspberry, strawberry beardless kanye nezinye izinhlobo eziningi ezithakazelisayo izitshalo engadini. Futhi of inothi iyona kalula okwedlulele Ukukhetha rozovotsvetnyh nezinye izitshalo kutshalwa futhi izimbali engadini.

Nokho, isilwane nzalo ezingajwayelekile kakhulu. Uma kokuzalela phakathi kwamalungu kwezinhlobo ezahlukene nezilwane usaqhubeka, nenzalo okuzelwe, ngokuvamile kakhulu self ayisekho siyakwazi nokuzala. Izibonelo zibandakanya nezimbongolo, neminyuzi.

Kodwa phakathi ongakhetha Canine eyaziwa njenge umsuka nzalo, lapho indaba kokuqala babe nezimpisi izinja - abameleli zinhlobo ezahlukene, futhi kwezinye izimo nezinjana nezimpungushe. Futhi inzalo okuholela ezifuywa ngempumelelo, ukwenza indlela yokuphepha indlela entsha izici zofuzo etholwe. Ngenxa yaleli khono ngempumelelo Canine elisuselwa iqoqo izinhlobo ezahlukene kakhulu izinja - zabo ukwehluka nje emangalisayo!

umbandela Environmental uhlobo kusekelwe ebuhlotsheni obukhethekile naye imvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinto eziphilayo ne izibopho biotic (zinhlobo yisinanakazana, zithwala isifo, commensals, nezilwane eziphila) libhekene evalelwe ukuze zaziziningi ethile. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kwezelamani zinhlobo, ngaphambili eyayaziwa "anopheles omiyane," Okuhlukile isizinda ukudla. Ezinye zazo abavaleleke ezincelisayo, kuyilapho abanye - izinyoni, eyesithathu - kuya ezihuquzelayo; abanye kukhona abathwali umalaleveva, kuyilapho abanye akusiyo ejwayelekile.

"Niche Ecological" - kwendawo yemvelo - izilwane uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi 'indawo oluhambelana ". ngokuthi "indawo Edafe-phytocenotic" ngokuba "niche emvelweni ngokuthi" lesi sitshalo kabanzi ajwayele ukusetshenziswa.

Nokho, abantu ehlukene zohlobo olulodwa kwesinye isikhathi hlala niches ezahlukene emvelweni, ukwakha ecotypes. Pine, isibonelo, has ecotypes abahlala emaxhaphozini (Pinus palustris), amagquma noma Bor izingxenye.

Kuncike kumiswa inzalo egcwele esukela isiphambano phakathi ecotypes ungakheka uhlelo olulodwa zofuzo okuthiwa ekovidom.