I metal ezivamile e ungqimba lomhlaba. Izinsimbi ngokwemvelo

Izinsimbi iqembu izakhi ukuthi babe izakhiwo eziyingqayizivele njengobulungisa conductivity kagesi, ukushisa eliphezulu ukudluliswa Coefficient ukumelana omuhle alandisa isicwebezelisi isihlobo ductility. Lolu hlobo kuba izinto okulula zamakhemikhali.

Ukwahlukanisa emaqenjini

Izinsimbi kukhona izinto ezivamile esetshenziswa abantu kuwo wonke umlando walo. Iningi lazo zitholakala ezingqimbeni phakathi ungqimba lomhlaba, kodwa kukhona nalezo ezijulile kule amadamu entabeni.

Okwamanje izinsimbi hlala iningi ishadi lesikhathi (94 118 izakhi). Ngokomthetho kuyafaneleka amaqembu ezilandelayo:

1. alikhali (lithium, i-potassium, i-sodium, francium, cesium, rubidium). Lapho contact ngamanzi akha hydroxides.

2. emhlabeni ane-alikhali (calcium, barium yombala, Sesithombe, Radium). inhlanganiso ezahlukene kanye ubulukhuni. 3. Ukukhanya (aluminium, phambili, i-zinc, gallium, cadmium, ithini mercury). Ngenxa ukuminyana ongaphakeme avame ukusetshenziswa lapho kwenziwa Alloys.

4. zesikhashana (i-uranium, igolide, titanium, ithusi, isiliva, nickel, insimbi, ayibe, platinum, palladium nokunye.). Yiba nesimo namachibi onhlobonhlobo.

5. Semimetals (germanium, i-silicon antimony, boron, polonium et al.). Ngo isakhiwo kokuba ngehele crystal covalent.

6. actinides (americium, cindezela, actinium, berkelium, ngesinye isibukezo, fermium, njll).

7. Lanthanides (gadolinium, samarium, cerium, neodymium, lutetium, lanthanum, erbium, njll).

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kukhona insimbi ungqimba lomhlaba, futhi lawo kuchaziwe iqembu. Lezi zihlanganisa i-magnesium, futhi beryllium.

uxhumano Native

Emvelweni, kukhona esihlukile crystal-nokuqoshwa. Lezi zici zihlanganisa okuyigugu izinsimbi. Lokhu Ukwakheka amaminerali angahlobene. Ngokuvamile, izinsimbi bomdabu akhiqizwa uhlobo ngenxa izinqubo umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. In the state crystalline e koqweqwe lomhlaba BakaJehova abaziwa ngayo 45 izinto. Iningi lazo ngokwemvelo kukalutshwana kakhulu, yingakho izindleko zabo eziphakeme. Ingxenye izici eziningana ezinjengolwazi kuyinto 0.1%. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi khona lezi zinsimbi futhi inqubo eqolo futhi kukhathaza. Kusekelwe athomu ukusetshenziswa ne amagobolondo ozinzile futhi ama-electron.

izinsimbi Native abizwa ngokuthi yizicukuthwane futhi. Basuke izimpawu ukuzinza kanye inertia chemical zezakhi. Lezi zihlanganisa igolide, palladium, i-platinum, Iridium, isiliva, ruthenium, nokunye. Ngokuvamile ezitholakala zethusi nemvelo. Iron esimweni bomdabu likhona ikakhulukazi ezifakwa wezimayini uhlobo emkhathini. Izakhi eziyivelakancane leqembu kukhona umthofu, i-chromium, i-zinc, indium ne-cadmium.

izakhiwo Key

Cishe zonke izinsimbi ubulukhuni ngokuvamile ezahlukene kanye ukumelana. Ukwehluka - francium futhi mercury alikhali izinsimbi. Amazinga ukuncibilika azo zonke izakhi leqembu zihlukile. ububanzi balo buyahluka kusuka -39 kuya 3410 degrees Celsius. I ukumelana kakhulu encibilika tungsten kubhekwe. compounds kwalo ulahlekelwa ukumelana kuphela lokushisa ngenhla 3400 C. Kusukela izinsimbi legkorasplavlyaemyh kufanele ukwaba phambili futhi ithini. Futhi, izingxenye zihlukaniswe maqondana kwabantu (ukukhanya futhi ezisindayo) kanye ductility (onzima ezithambile). Zonke kwakwakhe metal esihle conductive. Le mpahla kubangelwa khona ngamahele crystalline electrons asebenzayo. conductivity Maximum kukhona ithusi, isiliva kanye ne-aluminium, mncane - sodium. Kuyaphawuleka sezindawo okusezingeni eliphezulu ezishisayo of izinsimbi. The best ukushisa umqhubi ubhekwa esiliva, ubunzima obukhulu - mercury.

Izinsimbi e Ezungezile

Ezimweni eziningi, izici eziningana ezinjengolwazi ingatholakala ifomu compounds kanye imikhando. Izinsimbi ngokwemvelo ukwakha sulfites, oxides, carbonates. Ukuze ahlanze compounds kumelwe kuqala uwahlukanise netshe. Isinyathelo esilandelayo is doping nokucubungula sokugcina.

Ngo yokusansimbi zezimboni kuhluke ore ayoni futhi nonferrous. Eyokuqala zisekelwe yensimbi compounds, kwesibili - ku nezinye izinsimbi. amatshe ayigugu abhekwa-platinum, igolide nesiliva. Iningi lazo zitholakala uqweqwe eMhlabeni. Nokho, ingxenye encane yama-akhawunti kanye namanzi olwandle.

Kukhona izakhi eziyigugu ngisho eziphilayo. Umzimba iqukethe mayelana 3% metal compounds. Ngokusho ngezinga elithé xaxa umzimba kukhona sodium ne-calcium, okuyinto ukwenza njenge electrolyte intercellular. Magnesium iyadingeka ukuze CNS evamile futhi yemisipha, yensimbi wusizo igazi, ithusi - isibindi.

Ukuthola metal compounds

Iningi izakhi itholakala ngaphansi ungqimba phezulu inhlabathi yonke indawo. I metal ezivamile e ungqimba lomhlaba - kuyinto aluminium. iphesenti balo buyahluka ngaphakathi 8.2%. Thola metal eziningi kakhulu ungqimba lomhlaba kulula, njengoba kwenzeka ngesimo imikhando.

Iron ne-calcium atholakala ngokwemvelo kancane kancane. okuqukethwe kwabo Amaphesenti angu 4.1%. Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona magnesium kanye sodium - by 2.3%, i-potassium - 2.1%. Enye insimbi imvelo hlala akukho kuka 0.6%. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi magnesium kanye sodium Kuyathokozisa kungenzeka ukukhiqiza kokubili phansi nasesikhathini emanzini asolwandle. izakhi zensimbi yendalo ngendlela Okunengi nofana esimweni bomdabu, njengoba nje nethusi noma igolide. Kukhona izinto ezidinga angatholwa oxides futhi sulfides, ezifana hematite, kaolin, magnetite, Galena, njll

ukukhiqizwa metal

tincenye inqubo ukukhiqiza kukhishwe namaminerali. metal kokuba ngokwemvelo ngesimo imikhando yinqubo elula futhi ezivame kakhulu kuleli umkhakha jikelele. Ukucinga crystalline ezifakwa esetshenziswa imishini ekhethekile Geological, ihlaziya ukubunjwa izinto esiqeshini ethile yezwe. okwatholakala Ngaphansi ezivamile ngokwemvelo izinsimbi encishisiwe kuya evamile indlela evulekile-ngomshoshaphansi.

Ngemva isinyathelo isizinda nokunonophala kwenzeka uma umthombo CONCENTRATE amaminerali ore ikhishwe. Ukuhlukanisa izakhi ogelezayo nokumanzisa isetshenziswa, kagesi, amakhemikhali ukusabela, ukwelashwa ukushisa. Ezimweni eziningi, i-ore Ukukhetha metal kwenzeka ngenxa Fusion, isb Ukushisa lokubuyiselwa.

aluminium isizinda

Ngokusho okuhilelekile yokusansimbi non-ayoni. Ubukhulu ukusetshenziswa kanye ukukhiqizwa, yena ungumholi phakathi kwezinye izimboni esindayo. I metal ezivamile e ungqimba lomhlaba bayindlala kakhulu kuleli zwe lanamuhla. Ngokuya ukukhiqizwa ezithela kuphela aluminium steel. Iningi lesi sici isetshenziswa nezimboni zezindiza, yezimoto kagesi kanye. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi metal eziningi kakhulu ungqimba lomhlaba ingatholakala kanye izindlela "wokufakelwa". Ukuze uthole chemical yokusabela bauxite edingekayo. Kulawa, kwakhiwa alumina is. Lapho kwakwakhe yalolu ketshezi ne-carbon electrode kanye usawoti sasekhaya i kagesi ingatholakala abahlanzekile aluminium emkhandweni wensimbi.

Izwe aholayo phakathi abakhiqizi yalesi ingxenye iwukuba China. Ngonyaka kukhona smelted engamathani ayizigidi ezingu-18,5 metal. inkampani umholi isilinganiso okufanayo ukukhiqizwa aluminium inhlangano Russian-Swiss UC RUSAL.

Ukusetshenziswa izinsimbi

Zonke izici wamandla ezahlukene, impermeability nokuzabalazela isihlobo ukuba lokushisa. Yingakho metal okuvame kangaka ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Namuhla wabo ukwenza izintambo kagesi, resistors, imishini, izinto zasekhaya.

Izinsimbi kukhona i ekahle kwesakhiwo izinto ithuluzi. Lapho kwakhiwa esetshenziswa futhi kuhlanganiswe Alloys net. Ngo mechanical engineering kanye izindiza compounds eziyinhloko steel kanye uxhumano firmer.