Indida - lena ... I yeThestamente physics. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela zango

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, umuntu aye wazama ukuba uqonde izwe futhi indawo yabo kulo. Ukusebenzisa ukucabanga okunengqondo, limbuza ingqondo omuntu uzama ukuthola umnyombo futhi interrelation imicimbi kanye nezimo. ulwazi Modern isintu - kuwumphumela cishe izinkulungwane eyishumi ukuhlaziywa yenkuthalo zonke izinto okwenziwa ngazo abacwaningi nazo emhlabeni ngaphandle.

Kuyini indida?

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ulwazi evulekile, ukuhlinzeka izikhulu zibonise ukuqonda okwengeziwe ephelele ezivukayo imicimbi noma izenzakalo. Nokho, naphezu kwalokhu, kunokuningi okungakhulunywanga ngakho lapho kukhona okwenzekayo, kodwa ungayitholi athole incazelo enengqondo. Kuleli zwe lanamuhla, isayensi simanga libhekisela zango. Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi YesiGreki "indida" (παράδοξος) - lokhu kuyinto ezingalindelekile, iyashaywa okungaziwayo. Lenchazelo sekukhona kudala, ekuqaleni impucuko yethu. Isayensi yanamuhla ithi indida - kuba isimo noma umcimbi, okuyinto libhekene wawubonakalisa okucacile ngokoqobo futhi ukungabi oluphelele noma iyiphi incazelo enengqondo imiphumela.

zango ezivukayo zihlale nevuso sakara umqondo womuntu ngoba ukuphikisana yayo futhi ukwakheka kwemiqondo. Naphezu ukungabi khona incazelo, le ndoda ibizwa uzama ukuthola nokuxazulula inkinga phambi kwakhe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abanye zango salahlekelwa simbe futhi yayiswa nokuqonda okucacile emkhakheni okunengqondo. Ngokulandelayo, sitshelwa ngo uthinte kwamanye okwamanje simbe namuhla emakhoneni "amnyama" ulwazi. Sithemba ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuyokhanya yini yasisiza lokho, futhi yini isimo nezakhiwo izenzakalo.

yeThestamente physics

Physics - isayensi, okuyinto abacebile izinto eziphikisanayo. Zitholakala ezindaweni ezahlukene isayensi: wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto, hydrodynamics, quantum Mechanics. Sinikeza izibonelo ezinye zazo kufinyeleleke isethulo isitayela umfundi.

1. Archimedes indida: umkhumbi omkhulu kungaba ngomkhumbi ngendlela amalitha ambalwa amanzi.
2. Tea leaf indida: emva ukuxuba zonke itiye amaqabunga tea eqoqwe maphakathi indebe, okuyinto ephambene isenzo amandla centrifugal. Ngu wesenzo, kumele bethuthela izindonga. Kodwa lokhu akwenzeki
3. Mlemby indida: amanzi ashisayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile kungaba iqhwa ngokushesha kunokuba abandayo.
4. indida D'Alembert sika: umzimba bunjwa eyindilinga ongawamukeli ukumelana lapho ihamba uketshezi ekahle.
5. Okufike kudide nge-Einstein - Podolsky - Rosen: ukude nomunye kukhona imicimbi mutual.
6. cat Schrödinger sika: indida quantum. Ikati ungaphakathi uthi ezimbili (Half Esidlule Dead) inqobo nje uma singazi ambheke.
7. Black Imininingwane imbobo indida: ulwazi phansi lapho ihlaselwe umgodi omnyama.
8. Umsuka indida: ngenkathi wokujikeleza umbuzo besikhathi ekuqaleni - izinto noma ulwazi.

Zikhona nezinye izinto eziphikisanayo ongaqondakali kakhulu physics.

Kukuphi lapho can indida?

A semali "amnyama" ulwazi ukhona ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ezimpilweni zethu. Kungatholakala kubhalwe ubuhlakani, izibalo nezibalo, i-geometry, i-chemistry. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona zefilosofi, kwezomnotho, zomthetho, zango psycho-ngokomzimba.

Nge ukuqonda amathuba ezihambayo ngesikhathi ukuphendukela kunoma iluphi uhlangothi (theory yesayensi yanamuhla kuqinisekisa lokhu kungenzeka) ngendathane wathela siphetho esixakayo ezihlobene nohambo ezinjalo. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhulu indida owaziwa. Uthi uma uya emuva esikhathini futhi ukubulala umkhulu wakho, ngeke azalwe. Ngakho, awukwazi ukubulala umkhulu.

quantum physics - embusweni izinto eziphikisanayo

Njengoba sekunama-Umkhuba omusha kunombolo physics zango kakhulu anda. Ngokusho ososayensi, kungenzeka noma ukukholelwa noma abaqondi. quantum physics ayisekeli emithethweni ekhona eyaziwa futhi siqukethe zango okuqhubekayo okuphambene umuzwa wethu ezivamile. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye kuyizinhlayiyana zingavezwa kwenye kungakhathaliseki ibanga (izihibe quantum). indida Einstein - Podolsky - Rosen kuhlanganisa isimo hhayi kuphela mkhuba nawubuka kuyizinhlayiyana, kodwa futhi nakwenzeka nesilinganiso ngesikhathi esisodwa isikhundla futhi isimo izinhlayiya aphansi. Kafushane, quantum physics kubhekwa indlovukazi umbuso engaqondakali.

"Umqondo ngaphandle logic"

Lapho omunye, izenzakalo eziyinqaba kanye izenzakalo? Ake sixoxe kabanzi Tibalo kanye nebudlelwane lobukhona theory yayo okungenzeka. abadumile kakhulu iyona indida Monty Hall. Waqale eyomphakathi ngo-1990.

Igama lakhe kwakungu behlonipha omunye umdlalo show umethuli, lapho umdlali angakhetha umnyango, ngemuva okuyinto efihla umklomelo. Uma sichaza ngamazwi alula singathi, isimo simi ngale ndlela: lapho umdlali kushintsha Ukukhetha yayo emva ehola isiphakamiso, ukushintsha inkambo ukubona ukuthi kuzokwenzekani. Nakuba inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela okungenzeka, umphumela kumelwe ube kwefrakshini amathuba. Ukuze uthole ukuqonda more ephelele ukubheka ishadi elibonisa imiphumela kukhethwa umdlali kanye nobuhlobo babo. Njengomthetho, indida - lokhu kuyinto yi ezingalindelekile ukuthi angeke sachaza ngu logic. Hall indida akuyona kuphela isibonelo kuwukuziphikisa okunengqondo indawo itholiwe kusuka imfundiso yokuziphendukela okungenzeka. Sithole angaphezu kweshumi nambili imihlola simbe futhi ongaziwa. Ngokwesibonelo, izenzakalo ezimbili ezimele izodinga usizo lwenu kunemibandela, uma kungenzeka omunye wabo akusho kufezeke. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi Berkson indida.

Kafushane, indida - leli phutha etholwe futhi kulindeleke imiphumela.

ubunjalo olungenzeka okuvela kuyo izenzakalo eziyinqaba: imfundiso yokuziphendukela zango

Ososayensi nanamuhla elisaqhubeka ukubhekana ne nomrabho imihlola ezinjalo. Kukhona ezinye ekucabangeleni avumele ukuba khona 'amnyama "yolwazi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yokwaziswa.

• Ngokusho inguqulo okulula futhi ethengekayo kuphakama ngenxa ulwazi olungaphelele etindlela noma ubunjalo algorithm noma isisekelo esinengqondo yokucabanga.
• Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, isetshenziswa indlela maqondana nokwakhiwa ukuhlaziywa ayilungile, kodwa okwamanje kwamukeleka ngempela. Ngamagama alula, thina akulungile ukusebenzisa ukucabanga okunengqondo, kodwa namuhla lesi sitayela iyasiza ngesintu. Njengoba kuboniswa sempucuko, lokho kwenzeka esikhathini esidlule, kodwa lezi zinguquko zenzeke ngezwi eliphansi ungasheshi.
• Kunenye hypothesis echaza imbangela indida. Lithi uma sibhekene indida, likhuluma wokunquma kusengaphambili ngekusasa.

Incazelo simi ngale ndlela: Uma into predetermined esikhathini esizayo, umuntu akakwazi ukushintsha noma kuthinte ke, kungakhathaliseki ulwazi lwabo nokuqonda. Ngenxa yalezi zenzakalo zenzeka, kwezinye izimo, umphumela elaliyoba ngokuphambene ukuqonda okunengqondo.

isiphetho

Asinakusho ngokucacile ukuthi iyini imbangela yangempela ezifana izenzakalo eziyinqaba noma izenzakalo. Nokho, singasho ukuthi indida - lokhu "injini" yolwazi. Ebhekene nazo nemiphumela engalindelekile, ososayensi abaningi kanye nabacwaningi uhambe endleleni ziningi futhi zaba nzima befuna iqiniso zezwe nendawo yabo kulo.