Kumiswa, Imfundo yesibili nezikole
Acid: izibonelo etafuleni. izakhiwo acid
Acid - lawa zamakhemikhali okuyizinto bayakwazi i ion kagesi (seka) hydrogen, futhi wamukela ezimbili vzaimodeystvuschih electron, kanjalo zakha isimiso isibopho covalent.
Kulesi sihloko sibheka lezi eziyisisekelo acid, befunda ekilasini yesibili izikole zamabanga, kanye ufunde amaqiniso amaningi ezithakazelisayo mayelana acid ehlukahlukene. Qhubeka.
Acid: Izinhlobo
Kwamakhemikhali kukhona eziningi ezihlukahlukene acid, okuyinto babe izakhiwo ezahlukene kakhulu. Bemithi ukuhlukanisa acid okuqukethwe ehlanganisa oksijini, ku simo esishubile, solubility emanzini, amandla, ukuzinza, okuqondene ekilasini organic noma wezinto chemical compounds. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola itafula okuphrezenta edume kakhulu acid. Ithebula ingakusiza ukhumbule igama acid yawo yamakhemikhali ifomula.
| chemical ifomula | Igama acid |
| H 2 S | hydrogen sulfide |
| H 2 SO 4 | sulfuric |
| HNO 3 | nitric |
| HNO 2 | oxide |
| hf | hydrofluoric |
| HCl | Salt |
| H 3 PO 4 | phosphorous |
| H 2 CO 3 | amalahle |
Ngakho, bonke kuyabonakala. Leli thebula libonisa eyaziwa kakhulu embonini chemical acid. Ithebula kuzosiza eziningi ngokushesha ukukhumbula amagama kanye namafomula.
hydrosulfuric acid
H 2 S - hydrogen sulfide acid. engavamile yayo itholakala iqiniso ukuthi liphinde yigesi. Hydrogen sulfide kuyinto rastovoryaetsya ezimbi kakhulu emanzini, kanye uxhumana ezisansimbi eziningi kangaka. Hydrogen sulfide acid kungokwalabo iqembu "asidi", izibonelo zazo sizoxoxa ngani kulesi sihloko.
H 2 S kunobuciko kancane elimnandi, futhi iphunga okunoshukela kakhulu amaqanda ebolile. Emvelweni, lingatholakala ku igesi yemvelo noma ukuqhuma, futhi ikhishwe lapho elibi amaprotheni.
Izakhiwo acid zahlukahlukene kakhulu, ngisho noma i-asidi lubaluleke e umkhakha, kungaba ezingenanzuzo kakhulu empilweni yomuntu. Le asidi kuyinto enobuthi kakhulu kumuntu. Ngu ephefumula esincane hydrogen sulfide kumuntu ivusa ikhanda iqala nesicanucanu esibi nesiyezi. Uma umuntu uphefumula esiningi H 2 S, kungaholela sokuwa ikhoma, noma ngisho nokufa ngokungalindelekile.
sulfuric acid
H 2 4 SO - kuyinto sulfuric acid eqinile, lapho izingane yethulwe kwamakhemikhali amakilasi ngisho isigaba 8. acid Chemical ezifana sulfuric acid, kukhona oxidants enamandla kakhulu. H 2 SO 4 lisebenza njengesimemo oxidant for izinsimbi eziningi kakhulu, futhi oxides eziyisisekelo.
H 2 4 SO nabo isikhumba noma izingubo kubangela ukusha ngamakhemikhali, kodwa akuyona ezinobuthi njengoba hydrogen sulfide.
nitric acid
Ezweni lethu, kubalulekile abanamandla acid. Izibonelo acid ezifana: HCl, H 2 SO 4, HBr, HNO 3. HNO 3 - is kuwo wonke umuntu nitric acid ezaziwayo. Kuye kabanzi embonini kanti kwezolimo. Isetshenziselwa womshini umquba ahlukahlukene, ubucwebe, izithombe zokunyathelisa, enkulu ekwakhekeni kwemithi kanye udayi, kanye embonini yezokuvikela.
Okunjalo chemical acid ezifana nitric acid, ziyingozi kakhulu umzimba. HNO 3 ngazimbili kwesokunxele izilonda, kubangele ukushisa oyingozi futhi zokuphefumula ipheshana ukucasuka.
oxide acid
Oxide acid ngokuvamile kakhulu kudidaniswe nitrogen, kodwa umehluko phakathi kwayo. Iqiniso lokuthi oxide acid kuyinto nitrogen ingasaphathwa, ke izindawo ezahlukene ngokuphelele nemiphumela emzimbeni womuntu.
HNO 2 iye kabanzi umkhakha zamakhemikhali.
hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric acid (noma i-hydrogen fluoride) - isixazululo H 2 O c hf. amide acid - hf. Hydrofluoric acid is kabanzi kakhulu obusetshenziswa embonini aluminium. It silicates ziyoncibilika, Silicon ezihlalayo, ingilazi silicate.
Hydrogen fluoride kuyalimaza kakhulu umzimba womuntu, kuncike lokuhlushwa izidakamizwa kungaba lula. Ngemva contact nge isikhumba, okokuqala ngaphandle koshintsho, kodwa ngemva kwemizuzu embalwa, ungase uthole ubuhlungu obuhlabayo betshisa zamakhemikhali. Hydrofluoric acid kuyalimaza kakhulu imvelo.
hydrochloric acid
HCl - kuyinto hydrogen chloride, kuyinto eqinile acid. Hydrogen chloride acid unawo izakhiwo bohlanga eziqine. Ngendlela acid kucacile futhi kungekho nto enemibala emihle, futhi kushunqe emoyeni. Hydrogen chloride is kabanzi steel nokudla izimboni.
Le asidi kubangela ukusha, kodwa kuyingozi ikakhulukazi wakhe kuchumana ngemehlo.
wali band acid
Wali band acid (H 3 PO 4) - ungaphakathi asidi impahla yayo. Kodwa ngisho acid ababuthakathaka ungaba izakhiwo eziqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, H 3 PO 4 asetshenziswa umkhakha zokunciphisa yensimbi ukugqwala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, forsfornaya (noma wali band) acid is kabanzi kwezolimo - ke wenziwe ezihlukahlukene fertilizer.
Izakhiwo acid zifana kakhulu - kakhulu ngamunye wabo kuyalimaza kakhulu umzimba womuntu, H 3 PO 4 iyathinteka. Isibonelo, lokhu acid abangela ukusha, ngopha emakhaleni, futhi amazinyo ebhidlikayo.
carbonic acid
H 2 CO 3 - asidi. It is etholwe Ukuqedwa CO 2 (carbon dioxide) e H 2 O (amanzi). Carbonic acid isetshenziswa biology oyisazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo.
Ubuningi of acid ezahlukene
inhlanganiso acid linendima ebalulekile ezingxenyeni theory ne practical yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Ngenxa ulwazi kwabantu kungacacisa ukuthi lokuhlushwa ethile acid, kubalwa ukuxazulula izinkinga chemical bese wengeza isilinganiso esifanele acid lokufeza ukuphendula. Ubuningi iyiphi acid luyehluka kuye emakamu. Ngokwesibonelo, aba maningi lokuhlushwa iphesenti, aba maningi kwabantu.
I izakhiwo jikelele acid
Kasibili zonke izinto acid ziyinkimbinkimbi (ngamanye amazwi, aqukethe izakhi eziningana ishadi lesikhathi), ngaleyo ndlela ngempela afake ngezithako zawo H (hydrogen). Ngokulandelayo, sicabanga sezindawo amakhemikhali acid, okuyizinkinga ezivamile:
- Zonke acid nomoya-mpilo (okuyinto ekhona ifomula O) imiswe phakathi neminyaka yokubola amanzi, futhi i-nitrous ene-asidi. Ngakho anoxic ukubola zibe izinto lula (isib 2HF ubola ku F 2 futhi H 2).
- Acid-oxidants ukuxubana zonke izinsimbi phakathi izinsimbi umsebenzi (kuphela labo elise kwesokunxele H).
- Hlanganyela nosawoti ahlukahlukene, kodwa labo abanakekela kwamiswa ababuthakathaka ngaphezulu acid.
Izakhiwo acid kuhluke ngokucijile komunye nomunye. Phela, kungenzeka ube iphunga, singabi nalo, kodwa futhi ibe ezifundazweni ezihlukahlukene wokuhlanganisa: ketshezi, gaseous noma okuqinile. Kuyathakazelisa kakhulu ukutadisha okuqinile acid. Izibonelo acid ezifana: C 2 H 2 0 4 futhi H 3 BO 3.
okuhlushwa
Lokuhlushwa iyona ubukhulu okuyinto inquma ukwakheka ambalwa yanoma yimuphi solution. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvamile kudingeka sibe izazi zamakhemikhali ukuze ubone ukuthi ingakanani acid alulaze H 2 SO 4 uhlanzekile sulfuric acid. Ngenxa yale njongo zithulula esincane alulaze acid in a beaker, kuhlaziywe futhi itafula lokuhlushwa ukuminyana kunqunywa. okuhlushwa acid esinda oxhumene nge kwabantu ukuzimisela kontsetratsii wayevame ukubhekana imisebenzi ukubala lapho kuyadingeka ukunquma iphesenti okumsulwa acid isixazululo.
Ukwahlukanisa ngenani acid H zama-athomu ifomula yabo zamakhemikhali
Omunye ngeengaba ethandwa kakhulu iyona ukwehlukana acid, monobasic, dibasic futhi, ngokufanelekile, acid tribasic. Izibonelo acid monobasic: HNO 3 (nitric acid), HCl (hydrochloric), hf (hydrofluoric) nabanye. Lezi acid abizwa ngokuthi monobasic, kusukela Ukwakheka kwabo kukhona eyodwa kuphela athomu H. Kukhona acid eziningi, ngokuphelele kungenzeki ukukhumbula ngamunye. Sidinga ukukhumbula kuphela ukuthi acid bahlukanisa inani H zama-athomu isakhiwo sabo. Kuchazwa efanayo futhi diacids. Izibonelo: H 2 SO 4 (sulfuric acid), H 2 S (hydrogen sulfide), H 2 CO 3 (amalahle) nabanye. Tribasic: H 3 PO 4 (wali band acid).
The main ngezigaba acid
Omunye ngeengaba ethandwa kakhulu of acid kuba kuwahlukanise ku ngaphansi anomoya-mpilo ne-oksijini-DRM. Kanjani ukukhumbula, zingayazi ifomula amakhemikhali ikhemikhali acid elingenawo umoya-aqukethe?
Sonke acid hydrogen ukwakheka akuyona esibalulekile O - oksijini, kodwa kukhona ingxenye H. Ngakho-ke, igama labo njalo isibaluli igama elithi "i-hydrogen". HCl - kuyinto hydrochloric acid, i-H 2 S - hydrogen sulfide.
Kodwa futhi ngamagama kislosoderzhaschih acid ungabhala ifomula. Isibonelo, uma inani O ama-athomu asendabeni - 4 noma 3-ke njalo ukungezwa ku -n- igama Isijobelelo nesiphetho -aya-:
- H 2 SO 4 - sulfuric acid (kuma-athomu e - 4);
- H 2 Sio 3 - Silicon (kuma-athomu e - 3).
Uma into oyifundayo ama-athomu engaphansi kwemithathu umoya-mpilo, noma ezintathu, isihloko -ist- Isijobelelo isetshenziswa:
- HNO 2 - oxide;
- H 2 3 SO - sulfurous.
izakhiwo ezivamile
Zonke acid abe ukunambitheka omuncu, futhi ngokuvamile metallic kancane. Kodwa kukhona nezinye izici ezifanayo, okuyinto manje sicabangela.
Kukhona izinto ngokuthi izinkomba. Izinkomba ukushintsha umbala, noma umbala uhlala, kodwa izinguquko imibala yayo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi lapho LED kukhona kunoma iyiphi nezinye izinto ezifana acid.
Isibonelo ushintsho umbala zingaba enjalo ijwayelekile eziningi umkhiqizo ezifana itiye, kanye citric acid. Lapho ephonsa itiye lemon itiye bese kancane kancane ke baqala ukuwenza lula kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-lemon iqukethe citric acid.
Kunezinye izibonelo. Litmus, okuyinto bomvu e medium kokungathathi hlangothi uba nombala onsomi, unezela hydrochloric acid.
Ngo ukusabela acid ne izinsimbi ochungechungeni electromotive ukuze hydrogen Bubbles abelwe - H. Nokho, uma tube yafakwa nge metal acid elisetendeni ukungezwani ngemva irowu H ke Akwenzekanga lutho kuzokwenzeka, igesi kwemvelo kuyoba. Ngokwesibonelo, ithusi, isiliva, mercury-platinum negolide ukuxubana acid akuzona.
Kulesi sihloko, sabuka edume kunazo acid zamakhemikhali, kanye izici zabo main nokuhlukile.
Similar articles
Trending Now