Izixazululo True - Iyini? Izakhiwo kanye nokusungulwa

Emvelweni, kukhona cishe awekho izinto okumsulwa. Ngokuvamile tiniketwe eSitatimendeni ifomu Izingxube okuyinto bayakwazi ukwakha eyohlobo noma uhlelo heterogeneous.

izixazululo kweqiniso Ikakhulukazi

izixazululo True - uhlobo izinhlelo ziyasakaza kokuba amandla ephakeme phakathi naphakathi ukuhlakazwa kanye isigaba bahlakazeka.

Iyiphi ikhemikhali ingatholakala zinhlayiya letingemasayizi lahlukene. Kunoma ikuphi, bayoba efanayo isakhiwo sangaphakathi: i ionic noma yamangqamuzana crystal ngehele.

nokonakala

Ngo inqubo nokonakala emanzini ka nangangesihlabathi sodium chloride futhi ushukela kanye kumiswa isixazululo ion yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Kuye ngezinga of kwehlukana, ketshezi ukuze bakwazi:

• izinhlayiya ebonakalayo macroscopic ukuthi kukhona kunangendlela 0.2 mm;
• izinhlayiya ezincane kokuba ubukhulu kuyizinhlayiyana esingaphansi 0.2 mm, njengoba kade iphazanyiswe ukugula kuphela ngesibonakhulu.

Iqiniso futhi izixazululo colloidal kuhluke ubukhulu kuyizinhlayiyana we solute. Invisible e-microscope zinhlayiya ngokuthi izinhlayiya colloidal, futhi isimo okuholela libizwa isixazululo colloidal.

isixazululo isigaba

Ezimweni eziningi, le Ikhambi langempela - wenziwe iinqetjhana (abahlakazekile) isistimu eyohlobo zilwane. Zinikeza lwesigaba okuqhubekayo okuqinile - nizihlakaza naphakathi nezinhlayiyana ochotshoziwe umumo othile kanye nosayizi (isigaba abahlakazekile). Uyini colloids umehluko kusuka kumasistimu kweqiniso?

Umehluko omkhulu silingana izinhlayiya. Colloid-ukuhlakaza izinhlelo kubhekwe heterogeneous, kusukela microscope ukukhanya akunakwenzeka ukuthola umngcele isigaba.

izixazululo True - iyona okufana, lapho izidakamizwa imvelo ngesimo ion noma ama-molecule. Bangabakhe olulodwa okhombisa isixazululo eyohlobo.

Njengoba imfuneko kumiswa izinhlelo abahlakazekile bengaba kubhekwe nokonakala mutual medium ukuhlakazwa nempahla dispersible. Ngokwesibonelo, i-sodium chloride futhi sucrose, zingaxazululeki benzene futhi iziketekete e kuphela ke ngeke yakha izixazululo colloidal.

I izinhlelo ngezigaba ziyasakaza

Indlela ohlukeneko nginihlakaze? izixazululo Yiqiniso, izinhlelo colloidal libhekene nemingcele eziningana.

Kukhona iyunithi ukuhlakaza izinhlelo esimweni sesisonke we nendawo kanti isigaba abahlakazekile bengaba, kumiswa noma kungekho ukuxhumana phakathi kwazo.

izici

Kukhona izici ezithile ambalwa of particulate ndaba. Ngokuyinhloko ukwaba degree of ukuhlakazwa. Lokhu value iyona ephambene ubukhulu kuyizinhlayiyana. It ephawula inombolo izinhlayiya ukuthi zingafakwa ilandelana at ibanga elilodwa isentimitha.

Esimeni lapho zonke izinhlayiya ube usayizi ofanayo, yakheke uhlelo monodisperse. Lapho izinhlayiya ezihluke isigaba abahlakazekile kwakhiwa uhlelo polydisperse.

Njengoba kwanda ukuhlakazwa izidakamizwa lase lenyuke izinqubo ezenzeka ebusweni interphase. Ngokwesibonelo, okwandisa ethize ndawo ubuso isigaba abahlakazekile bengaba kwandisa imiphumela physico-amakhemikhali medium ekusebenzisaneni we izigaba ezimbili.

Ukuhluka amasistimu ziyasakaza

Kuye lapho isigaba kuyoba solute, ukwaba embodiments ezahlukene ukuhlakaza izinhlelo.

Aerosols - nginihlakaze lapho medium abahlakazekile bengaba sisesimweni gaseous. Mists - isifutho kokuba liquid isigaba bahlakazeka. Umusi nothuli elakhiwe okuqinile isigaba abahlakazekile bengaba.

Foams kukhona igesi ukuhlakazwa esikhathini izidakamizwa liquid. Uketshezi e foams ukuwohloka amabhayisikobho ehlukanisa igesi Bubbles.

Emulsions ngokuthi ukuhlakaza izinhlelo, lapho omunye liquid okuye kwasakazwa eminyakeni ivolumu omunye, ngaphandle Ukuqedwa therein.

Ukumiswa noma slurry - uhlelo ongaphakeme-ukuhlakazwa lapho izinhlayiyana ziqinile e liquid. izixazululo colloidal noma sols lapho ukuhlakazwa aqueous libizwa hydrosol.

Kuye khona (ukungabi) phakathi izinhlayiya yesigaba abahlakazekile bengaba kuyinto ilahliwe noma svobodnodispersnye svjaznodispersnye uhlelo. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa liozoli, aerosols, emulsions, ukumiswa. In izinhlelo ezinjalo, akukho ukuxhumana phakathi izinhlayiya kanye esigabeni ziyasakaza. Athuthela ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa ngo isixazululo ngaphansi kwethonya adonsela phansi.

kuphakama Svjaznodispersnye izinhlelo esimweni ukuxhumana izinhlayiya yesigaba abahlakazekile bengaba, okuphumela ekwakhiweni e isakhiwo igridi noma ngohlaka. izinhlelo ezinjalo colloidal abizwa ngokuthi si.

Inqubo gelling (gelation) kuyinto sol-gel ukuguqulwa esekelwe sokuqala sol lehliselwa ukuzinza. izinhlelo Izibonelo svjaznodispersnye zihlanganisa ukumiswa, emulsions, izimpushana, foams. Nalezi futhi zihlanganisa umhlabathi, imiswe phakathi ukusabela organic (izinto humic) nomhlabathi namaminerali.

izinhlelo capillary-bahlakazeka Uyi mass esiqinile impahla ogcwele capillary futhi ikhule ezimbotsheni. Bakholelwa ukuthi izicubu, ulwelwesi ezahlukene, ukhuni, amakhadibhodi, paper.

izixazululo True - uhlelo eyohlobo ehlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili. Abakwazi akhona ezifundeni ezahlukene wokuhlanganisa yokususa ingcekeza elenkani. I kuphela kubhekwa into ethathwe ngokweqile. Uphiko esithatha eziningi enganele kubhekwe solute.

Izici izixazululo

Alloys Hard nazo izixazululo lapho ngezinto ezihlukahlukene isinyathelo njengento yokudlulisela ukuhlakazwa kanye ingxenye. Kusukela iphuzu eliwusizo umbono, waba nesithakazelo esikhethekile kukhona Izingxube uketshezi lapho okuhlala khona izenzo ketshezi kuphela.

Kulaba kumakhemikhali awuketshezi eziningi wezinto okunabileko amanzi. Cishe njalo kwakhiwa isixazululo weqiniso ngokuxuba amanzi izinhlayiya we solute.

Phakathi organic compounds kukhona kumakhemikhali awuketshezi kakhulu zihlanganisa izinto ezilandelayo: i-ethanol, methanol, benzene, i-carbon tetrachloride, acetone. Ngenxa ezinyakazayo kunezinxushunxushu zishintshe noma ion of solute ingxenye shift esinqunyiwe kwenzeka isixazululo yabo, ukwakheka kohlelo olusha eyohlobo.

I izinto zingafani ikhono lazo yakha isixazululo. Abanye bangase yayihlangana eziningi angenamkhawulo. Isibonelo salokhu nokonakala emanzini ka zinhlayiya kasawoti.

Ingqikithi inqubo nokonakala ngokombono yamangqamuzana theory kinetic wukuthi emva yethula uketshezi kasawoti zinhlayiya phezu dissociation sodium yayo cations futhi chloride anions. izinhlayiya icala ukwenza ukunyakaza oscillating, bashayisana nge izinhlayiya we imikhondo kuphela kumuntu ukwedlulela ion in the kuphela (ngibopha). Kancane kancane inqubo exhunywe nezinye izinhlayiya kubhubhe namunye ebusweni ungqimba, crystal usawoti ziyoncibilika emanzini. Diffusion ungasabalalisa particulate indaba ivolumu kuphela.

Izinhlobo izixazululo kweqiniso

Ikhambi langempela - uhlelo, okuyinto ihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana. Kukhona Ukwahlukaniswa izinhlelo ezifana ngoba amanzi kuphela non-aqueous ngokubukeka. Babuye ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka i samuntu solute e alikhali, acid kanye nosawoti.

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene izixazululo beqiniso mayelana kagesi: non-electrolyte, electrolyte. Kuye lokuhlushwa solute ingakhishwa buhlanjululwe noma bagxila.

izixazululo beqiniso ongaphakeme izinto yamangqamuzana kusukela iphuzu thermodynamic umbono yahlukaniswa yangempela futhi ekahle.

izixazululo ezinjalo kungaba ion-bahlakazeka, kanye nezimiso zama-molecule ziyasakaza.

isixazululo te

Kuye zingaki izinhlayiya iye isixazululo, lapho supersaturated, unsaturated, izixazululo ayegcwele. Isisombululo uketshezi noma okuqinile uhlelo eyohlobo ukuthi siqukethe izingxenye eziningana. ngempela ukwethula uketshezi kanye solute yiluphi uhlelo efanayo. Lapho kuqedwa izinto ezithile waphawula exotherm.

inqubo enjalo izixazululo kuqinisekisa inkolelo-mbono, owawuthi nokonakala ubonakala njengeNkosi inqubo physico-amakhemikhali. Kukhona division of inqubo amaqembu amathathu solubility. Okokuqala yilezo izinto okuyizinto oncibilikayo isamba 10 g 100 g kuphela, bebizwa encibilikayo ezinhle.

Kahle izinto encibilikayo babhekwa njengabasebenzi, uma engaphansi kuka 10 g ziyoncibilika 100 g ingxenye, lonke abizwa ngokuthi zingaxazululeki.

isiphetho

Systems ehlanganisa izifundazwe ezahlukene wokuhlanganisa, ubukhulu kuyizinhlayiyana ezidingekile umsebenzi ovamile wobuntu. Yiqiniso, izixazululo colloidal okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla isetshenziswa womshini kwemikhiqizo yasekhemisi, ukusungulwa ukudla. Ukuba umqondo lokuhlushwa solute, esingazilungisa ikhambi oyifunayo, isib, ETHYL utshwala noma acetic acid, ngekwetinhloso letehlukene ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Kuye lapho isimo wokuhlanganisa kukhona solute kanye kuphela, izinhlelo itholakala anezici ezithile ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali.