Uyini umoya-mpilo? umoya-mpilo compounds

Oxygen (O) - chemical-non-metallic elementi iqembu 16 (nge) we Periodic Table. Kuyinto igesi kungenambala, kunganambitheki futhi ayinaphunga adingekayo eziphilayo - izilwane okuyinto siguqulwa carbon dioxide, futhi izitshalo ukuthi ukusebenzisa CO ₂ njengoba umthombo carbon, futhi O ₂ ebuyiselwa emkhathini. Oxygen yakha kwakwakhe ukusabela cishe yimuphi omunye isici, futhi displaces adi- yokuxhumana nomunye. Ezimweni eziningi, lezi zinqubo ahambisana ukukhululwa kwe ukushisa nokukhanya. Egcekeni ebaluleke kakhulu umoya-mpilo emanzini.

Umlando yokutholakala

Ngo-1772, umthaki Swedish Carl Wilhelm Scheele lokuqala kwabonisa ukuthi onjalo womoya-mpilo abasitholayo ngu Ukushisa nitrate potassium oxide, mercury kanye nezinye izinto eziningi. Ngaphandle kwakhe ngo-1774, umthaki IsiZulu Dzhozef Pristli wathola element kwamakhemikhali by noqhekeko ezishisayo mercury oxide futhi wanyathelisa imiphumela ayeyitholile ngawo lowo nyaka, iminyaka emithathu ngaphambi Scheele shicilelo. Eminyakeni 1775-1780 usokhemisi French Antuan Lavuaze ngokuhunyushwa indima oksijini umoya futhi esivuthayo, ukulahla theory phlogiston, eyamukelekako ngaleso sikhathi. Kuyaqapheleka ngoba ukuthambekela yayo ukuze kwakhiwe acid lapho kuhlangene izinto ezihlukahlukene futhi ngokuthi oxygène isici, elisho YesiGreki "elakhiwe acid".

nokudlanga

Uyini umoya-mpilo? Izimali 46% ngesisindo sezinti uqweqwe, kuba isici ezivame kakhulu ke. Inani oksijini emkhathini kuyinto 21% by volume isisindo 89% walo emanzini asolwandle.

Ngo rocks sici sihlangene insimbi futhi okungezona izinsimbi njengoba oxides ukuthi kukhona esidi (isib, isibabule, carbon, aluminium, ne phosphorus) noma eziyisisekelo (calcium, magnesium nensimbi) futhi njengoba compounds usawoti-ezifana nokuthi yiziphi kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha kwakhiwa kusukela acid futhi oxides eziyisisekelo ezifana sulfate, carbonates, silicates, phosphate kanye aluminates. Nakuba ziziningi, kodwa lezi ukudla okuqinile ngeke sithathwe njenge imithombo oksijini, njengoba isibopho cleavage nge-elementi metal Atoms energy ukusetshenziswa kakhulu.

Izici

Uma izinga lokushisa umoya-mpilo ngezansi -183 ° C, kuba okhanyayo ketshezi okwesibhakabhaka, futhi ngezinye -218 ° C - okuqinile. O Pure ₂ izikhathi 1.1 ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho emoyeni.

Phakathi ukuphefumula izilwane kanti ezinye amagciwane uqede i-oksijini evela emkhathini kabusha carbon dioxide, kanti oluhlaza isitshalo okuthiwa i-photosynthesis ebukhoneni kwelanga okumunca isikhutha nokukhululwa-mpilo khulula. Cishe wonke O ₂ emkhathini kuveza-photosynthesis.

Ngezinye 20 ° C-3 izingxenye by volume le-oxygen ziyoncibilika izingxenye 100 amanzi ahlanzekile, waba ngaphansana kunabanjengonkulunkulu - emanzini asolwandle. Kubalulekile emishinini yokuphefumula of izinhlanzi nezinye izilwane zasolwandle.

umoya-mpilo Yemvelo inhlanganisela isotopes ezintathu esitebeleni ¹⁶ O (99,759%), ¹⁷ O ^(0,037%), kanye ¹⁸ O (0,204%). Kukhona ekhiqizwa eyayenziwe isotopes eziningana enemisebe. Iningi lawo abantu eside waphila ^engu-15 ubudala O (isigamu-ukuphila 124) esetshenziselwa ukutadisha ukuphefumula ngesikhathi ezincelisayo.

allotrope

A umqondo ocacile walokho oksijini, ukuvumela ukuthola izinhlobo zalo ezimbili allotropic, diatomic (O ₂₎ kanye triatomic (O _3, i-ozone). Izakhiwo ifomu diatomic zisikisela ukuthi electron eziyisithupha uxhumano nomsebenzisi athomu amabili ahlale ayibhangqiwe, abangela paramagnetism oxygen. Three-molecule ye-athomu-ozone ungekho kwenye umugqa oqondile.

Ozone zingaba ngokuhambisana kwesibalo: 3o ₂ → 2O _3.

Inqubo endothermic (idinga amandla); ukuguqulwa we-ozone emuva ku-mpilo diatomic kunomthelela khona ushintsho izinsimbi noma oxides yabo. umoya-mpilo Pure iguqulwe ibe i-ozone ngenxa yesenzo i kagesi kukhanya khulula. Ukusabela futhi kwenzeka phezu ukumuncwa kwe-ultraviolet nge nombono ka mayelana 250 nm. Livela yale nqubo emkhathini aqede imisebe kungaba yingozi empilweni phezu Earth. iphunga pungent we-ozone kuyinto endlini isipho ezifana ugesi nge isusa zikagesi. Lokhu gas ilambu elikuhlaza. inhlanganiso kwayo 1.658 izikhathi mkhulu kunezinhliziyo emoyeni, futhi abilayo -112 ° C ngesikhathi umfutho womoya.

Ozone - oxidant enamandla olukwazi ukushintsha i-sulphur dioxide, trioxide, sulfide ukuba sulfate, iodide, iodine (indlela kohlaziyo ngokusipha ukuhlolwa yayo) kanye eziningi elingenawo umoya-equkethe organic kwakwakhe nemikhiqizo efana aldehydes futhi acid. Ukuguqulwa hydrocarbon ne-ozone kusukela wemoto amagesi kulezi acid kanye aldehydes siyimbangela ngentuthu. Ngo umkhakha, i-ozone isetshenziswa njengophawu reactant zamakhemikhali, magciwane for ukwelashwa indle, imishini ehlanza amanzi kanye amakhorali izindwangu.

izindlela sokulungiselela

Inqubo ngokukhiqiza i-oksijini incike ingakanani igesi luyadingeka ukwamukela. izindlela Laboratory okulandelayo:

1. noqhekeko Thermal kwezinye nosawoti ezifana potassium chlorate noma potassium nitrate:

• 2KClO ₃ → 2KCl + 3o _2.
• 2KNO ₃ → 2KNO ₂ + O _2.

Potassium chlorate noqhekeko catalyzed ngu inguqulelo metal oxides. Ngenxa yalesi wayevame ukusebenzisa manganese dioxide (pyrolusite, MNO _2). I kulethe kwehlisa izinga lokushisa adingekayo-mpilo kwemvelo, kuka-400 no-250 ° C.

2. Ukucekelwa phansi kwezinga le oxides lensimbi ngaphansi isenzo lokushisa:

• 2HgO → 2Hg + O _2.
• 2Ag ₂ O → 4Ag + O _2.

Scheele futhi uPriestley ngoba lesi sici chemical esetshenziswa enkompolo (oxide), umoya-mpilo, i-mercury (II).

3. noqhekeko ezishisayo we peroxides metal noma i-hydrogen peroxide:

• 2BaO + O ₂ → 2BaO _2.
• ₂ 2BaO → 2BaO + O _2.
• Bao ₂ + H ₂ SO ₄ → H ₂ O ₂ + Baso _4.
• 2H ₂ O ₂ → 2H ₂ O + O _2.

Izindlela sokuqala zezimboni ngokuhlukana umoya-mpilo emkhathini noma ukwenziwa i-hydrogen peroxide zincike ekumiseni oxide ka barium yombala peroxide.

4. electrolysis yamanzi nge admixtures elincane nosawoti noma acid ezinikeza conduction kagesi:

2H ₂ O → 2H ₂ + O ₂

ukukhiqizwa yezimboni

Uma kudingeka ukuthola nomoya-mpilo omningi asetshenziswa ziphuzo zazihluzwa wamaqhuzu air ketshezi. Yezingxenye ezinkulu emoyeni ke inenani ukuvala abacaphuni, futhi ngenxa yalokho, njengoba kuqhathaniswa ne-nitrogen eningi kanye argon kancane oluyingozi. Inqubo isebenzisa gas ukupholisa ngesikhathi nokwanda kwalo. Izigaba main wokusebenza ngendlela elandelayo:

• emoyeni elicwengekileyo ukususa izinhlayiya okuqinile;
• umswakama nesikhutha ziyasuswa ngu ukumuncwa e alikhali;
• umoya onomfutho futhi ukushisa kokucindezelwa isuswa izinqubo ezivamile ukupholisa;
• ke engena ikhoyili akhiwe ngaphakathi ekamelweni;
• ingxenye igesi onomfutho (ngesikhathi ingcindezi engaba ngu-200 atm) ku Kwenabela chamber, ukupholisa ikhoyili;
• enwetshiwe igesi ubuyela compressor futhi sidlula izigaba eziningana kokucindezelwa nokwanda kamuva, lapho ngezinye -196 ° C, emoyeni kuba uketshezi;
• evuthayo ketshezi ziphuzo zazihluzwa ukukhanya lokuqala amagesi inert ke nitrogen ne-oxygen ketshezi izinsalela. zihlukaniswa Multiple ukhiqiza umkhiqizo okumsulwa ngokwanele (99.5%) izinhlelo zokusebenza kakhulu ezimbonini.

Sebenzisa umkhakha

Metallurgy kuyinto umthengi elikhulu-mpilo okumsulwa ukwenziwa ephezulu carbon steel: balahle isikhutha nezinye izinto ezingadingeki ukungcola nonmetals ngakho kusheshe futhi kube lula kunalokho nge emoyeni.

Wastewater-mpilo lesithembiso ukwelashwa ngendlela ephumelela kakhudlwana ka emfantwini liquid kuka kwezinye yezinqubo zamakhemikhali. It is ziba ebalulekile avaliwe imfucuza nokushiswa izinhlelo usebenzisa O okumsulwa _2.

Okubizwa ngokuthi missile oxidizer mpilo ketshezi. O Pure ₂ Lokhu isetshenziswa nakumikhumbingwenya futhi insimbi diving.

Esikhathini umkhakha chemical, umoya-mpilo esikhundleni emoyeni abavamile emsebenzini wokukhiqiza izinto ezifana acetylene, ethylene oxide kanye methanol. izicelo Medical zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa umoya-mpilo igesi kwamakamelo isifutho nengane iyindawo. igesi ebulala izinzwa ahlanganiswe-mpilo lusekele ukuphila ngesikhathi ukubulawa kwezinzwa okuvamile. Ngaphandle lesi sici chemical baye bakwazi khona eziningi izimboni ezisebenzisa amaziko. Yilokho-mpilo.

I izakhiwo wamakhemikhali nezibulala ukuphendula

Amanani elikhulu electron ziyezwana futhi electronegativity umoya-mpilo yizici ejwayelekile ukuthi abonise metallic izakhiwo. Zonke compounds babe ezimbi isimo-mpilo namachibi. Lapho orbitals ezimbili electron egcwele, kwakhiwa O ^2- ion. I peroxides (O ₂ ^2-) isikisela ukuthi athomu ngalinye has a ophethe -1. Le mpahla yokwamukela electron ngumuntu ukudluliswa nhlobo noma ngokwengxenye futhi inquma umenzeli oxidizing. Lapho ejenti iyaphendula ngalolu ketshezi, electron donor, isimo yayo namachibi incipha. Ushintsho (ukwehla) esimweni-mpilo namachibi kusuka zero kuya -2 ngokuthi yokutakula.

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile element yakha compounds dihydric futhi trihydric. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunama-molecule sibi kakhulu chetyrehatomnye. Ngesimo diatomic electron ezimbili ayibhangqiwe zitholakala kwi orbitals nonbonding. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa igesi paramagnetic ukuziphatha.

reactivity Olukhulu ngezinye izikhathi wachaza i-ozone kucatshangwa ukuthi omunye athomu amathathu uku "yama-athomu" isimo. Benziwa le-athomu is ubuhlobo kusukela O _3, kusale umoya-mpilo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

O _2-molecule at okushisa okuvamile futhi ingcindezi ambient wavuma esisheshayo. I-oksijini-athomu iyasebenza kakhulu. Amandla dissociation (O ₂ → 2O) Kuyaphawuleka futhi 117,2 Mol kcal.

uxhumano

C nonmetals njenge-hydrogen, carbon, i-sulphur, umoya-mpilo, yakha ububanzi enkulu compounds covalently eboshiwe, kuhlanganise oxides nonmetal ezifana namanzi (H ₂ O), i-sulphur dioxide _{(2 SO)} ne-carbon dioxide (CO _2); organic compounds ezifana alcohols, aldehydes futhi acid carboxylic; acid ezivamile ezifana carbonic _{(CO3 H2),} i-sulfuric acid (H ₂ SO ₄₎ kanye nitric (HNO _3); kanye nosawoti okuhambisanayo ezifana sodium sulfate (Na ₂ SO _4), sodium carbonate (Na ₂ CO ₃₎ kanye sodium nitrate (nano _3). Oxygen likhona ngesimo O ^2- ion e isakhiwo crystal of sesakhiwe oxides, ezifana kwakwakhe (oxide), umoya-mpilo, Cao calcium. Metal superoxide (KO ₂₎ aqukethe ion O ₂ ^-, kuyilapho metal peroxides (bao ₂₎ aqukethe ion O ₂ ^2-. umoya-mpilo compounds ngokuvamile isimo -2 namachibi.

izakhiwo Key

Ekugcineni thina uhlu izakhiwo eziyinhloko i-oksijini:

• Electron ukucushwa: 1s 2s ^{2 2} 2P ^4.
• inombolo Atomic: 8.
• mass Atomic: 15,9994.
• abilayo: -183,0 ° C.
• Ukuma: -218,4 ° C.
• Ubuningi (uma ngizwa ingcindezi umoya-mpilo 1 atm at 0 ° C): 1.429 g / l.
• isimo namachibi -1, -2, +2 (e compounds nge sasekhaya).