Yini namaminerali akhiwa izitshalo lasendulo? Amaminerali ezinkulu

Omunye wemithombo ebaluleke kunayo ezamandla umkhakha emhlabeni manje okuqinile zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi. Humanity ngaphandle ngazo cishe ngeke abe akwazi ukukwenza. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, brilliant xaxa Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev wathi: "Stoke banknotes kungaba." Usosayensi kwakusho ukuthi lab 'imithombo kungaba wusizo synthesis edingekayo izinto womuntu.

Isayensi yanamuhla iye yaqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi wayeqinisile. Okumangazayo ukuthi, kodwa ngezindlela eziningi ingcebo amanga ezijulile ngaphanzi komhlaba, esikukweleta izitshalo lasendulo. Lokho Izinhlobo lasendulo futhi izihlahla kwakhiwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi izinsiza eziningi eziwusizo. By the way, lokho namaminerali kwamiswa ezitshalweni lasendulo? Hhayi-ke, ake sibone!

izici Jikelele izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi isitshalo

Zonke lezi zokubasa aqukethe ndathane carbon. Bonke kwakhiwa kusukela isitshalo izinsalela, okuyinto izigidi zeminyaka eziqhutshwa umfutho ophakeme futhi ashisa kakhulu. Umnyaka Ezinye izinhlobo amafutha yemifino wasendulo kunalelo uphawu eminyakeni million 650. Cishe ama-80% kulezi ezifakwa kwamiswa ngesikhathi ephakeme. It is sikhathi, thina esikukweleta yokuthi izidubedube namanje usinikeze lonke kunesidingo.

Isici esiyinhloko imfundo yabo kufanele ucabangele iqiniso ukuthi ngalezo zinsuku emhlabeni yayingakakulungeli-mpilo ngokwanele, okuyinto manje ngokushesha oxidizes engokwemvelo, kodwa eziningi carbon futhi compounds kwezindlu kusekelwe kuyo. rocks sedimentary ngokushesha ezazigcinwe uquqaba olukhulu izinto emhlabeni mkhulu.

Ngakho indlela kangcono nale nkinga, siye ithebula okulungiselelwe. Minerals akuyona ngobudlabha afakwe phansi.

Nokho, phakathi abanye ososayensi theory ethandwa Lokudabuka abiotic izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi eziningi, echaza imvelaphi yabo inhlanganisela yezici ezihlukahlukene ezaholela ukuvela eziyinkimbinkimbi carbon compounds kusuka izinto ezilula wezinto ezingaphili.

Lo mbono futhi unelungelo ekuphileni, kodwa ososayensi abaningi basakholelwa ukuthi iningi amasimu abe nesiqeshana ubunjalo begazi okuvela. Ngakho lokho namaminerali kwamiswa ezitshalweni lasendulo? Yilokhu esikubiza manje ukuchaza.

Ukubaluleka ngemboni kanye womuntu

Njengoba siye kakade wathi, eziningi zalezi izinto - a fount wangempela yesimanje amakhemikhali umkhakha. Amalahle efanayo iqukethe compounds eziningi ngenye kungenziwa kuphela etholwe ngenxa synthesis eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuyabiza. Ngokwesibonelo, acid humic, okuyinto ngokwemvelo azisenzeki ngokuvamile kakhulu futhi ngempela nzima synthesis yokufakelwa, umuntu uthola mass ezishibhile futhi ezivamile ansundu.

Ngomqondo onabile, konke lokhu uzokutshela geography kwezomnotho. Minerals sinendima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni ukukhiqizwa evamile kwanoma iyiphi umnotho.

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele eziningi isisetshenziswa isitshalo-etholakala kungenzeka kuphela uma umuntu uyazi ezicashile imfundo yabantwana babo. Okokuqala sibheka isikhathi esingaphezu kwesisodwa okubhekiselwe kithi amalahle, njengoba inqubo kumiswa yabo ithakazelisa kakhulu. Amalahle, kanye namanye amaminerali enkulu imvelaphi yemifino, kuye kwamiswa izitshalo ezahlukene inqubo lilokhu libuna.

Ezemfundo Isici amalahle humic

Kudala, lapho Umhlaba wayesalokhu ezulazulayo izibankwakazi omkhulu, expanses enkulukazi amahlathi aluhlaza wakhula enhle. Ukuze ukukhula nokuthuthuka izimo zabo babe ekahle: enhlabathini eningi udaba eziphilayo, futhi ngaphansi kwesimo ubuswa-carbon dioxide. Nokho, lezi zimo efanayo nomthelela yokuthi izitshalo bafa kunalokho ngokushesha. Bavame kuwele phansi lapho sesibolile ngokushesha ngoba akukaze kwenzeke lutho bavikelekile isenzo oxidative air.

Isiqalo nesigcino zonke lezi zici kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise nokucekelwa ngokushesha kakhulu cellulose. Giant izimila mass yaphenduka "cocktail" wangempela izinto humic, buhlanjululwe amanani amancane amanyela inhlaka, waxes futhi paraffins. Nokho, konke lokhu isisindo pretty masinyane evundisayo ngakhoke ekuqongeleleni ikakhulukazi okusheshayo udaba eziphilayo ngalezo zinsuku akwenzekanga. The main enomkhiqizo wokumbiwa phansi livele kancane kamuva.

Njengoba amalahle Kumiswa ngqo?

indlela echazwe ngenhla kuholele kumiswa Peat ezomile, okuyinto eyenza ngesikhathi samanje phezu iplanethi ngokwanele. Njengomthetho, akukho baye bathi sebeshintshe ngokuphelele okunye naye akuzange kwenzeke, ngokuvamile njengoba embozwe ungqimba isihlabathi nomhlaba, okuthembekile ukuwafaka udaba eziphilayo nokusondelana-mpilo nezinto ezincane eziphilayo. Lokhu mass kwaba plastic kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho abanye izinyanda noma ukuxuba esikhathini esizayo kungenzeki.

Njengoba undecomposed udaba eziphilayo e Peat ukujiya lalilincane kakhulu, izinqubo okwengeziwe zokuwohloka wayengekho. Ngakho, izinga lokushisa emaqaqasini amadamu uselokhu njalo ezingeni elifanayo.

Ingcindezi nesikhathi ...

Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kancane kancane ohlangene izingqimba ngenxa caking. Kancane kancane, humic acid is kuguquka humites inhlaka abangu ngaphansi inqubo decarboxylation futhi waxes kuphela lahlala ingashintshiwe zeminyaka. yini Lokho kwabangela ukwakheka amalahle brown humic. Ikakhulukazi eziningi kubo ku-Krasnoyarsk Territory. Lona ezivamile namaminerali ewusizo onqenqemeni (futhi mbo obalulekile engenayo, vele).

Ngaphansi kwethonya uhla yizici zemvelo kwakukhona kancane kancane yokuguqukela kwesinye isimo sabo, okuyinto ukuthela itshe amalahle humic. Iqhaza main kule nqubo umfutho ophakeme futhi lokushisa eliphakeme hhayi ngaphansi kuka. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, humic acid waqala ukubola ngokushesha, inhlaka waxes abangu ngaphansi polymerization zemvelo.

Konke lokhu kuye kwabangela ukuba synthesis non-ukuncibilika, compounds zingaxazululeki ngokuphelele. Kuyinto ngiyabonga kubo ukuthi banga amalahle futhi kwalondolozwa kuze kube namuhla. Ihlala endaweni ukujula kuqhathaniswa engajulile, futhi ngenxa yalokho kuncike nezinye izakhiwo eziningana ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali, ke zama seniye nagezwa phandle. Futhi lokho namaminerali kwamiswa ezitshalweni lasendulo, ngaphezu ilahle humus ezichazwe ngenhla?

Inqubo kumiswa okuxubile uhlobo amalahle

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngokwemvelo kumiswa okumsulwa compounds humic wabe ezingavamile kakhulu. Okuningi yayivame inqubo okuxubile. Ososayensi bathi ukuthi waqhubeka izimpi eziningana. Njengomthetho, konke kwenzeka ezansi machibi lasendulo, endaweni manje esemgwaqweni enomkhiqizo wokumbiwa phansi.

izinto humic kancane ulethwa lapho amanzi emvula futhi kancane, phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, sahlala phansi. Plankton okuyinto ayenziwa inala enjalo izinto eziningi eziphilayo kancane kancane enyakaza nge yonke inhlama. Kodwa izinto kungaba okuhluke ngokuphelele.

Uma kusezweni ahlaselwa yiziphepho, nanjengezihlambi imvula, amadamu bafa ngalusuku nenani elikhulu izinto humic futhi ezihlukahlukene compounds amaminerali. Okokuqala, it is ixazululwe ezansi namaminerali esindayo, futhi acid humic kuphela senze ngokuvumelana nayo njengoba oxidants enamandla. Kancane kancane, wonke umzimba is phansi polymerization. Njengoba umoya-mpilo emanzini phansi kwaba kuyize kakhulu nge isikhathi zingaphansi kwethonya yenqubo ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni. Futhi ngakho-ke wakha i-engela Ukwakheka okuxubile.

Russia Lezi namaminerali zivamile kakhulu engxenyeni esempumalanga yezwe lethu.

On ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali amalahle

Ngokuvamile, zezakhi ukuthi azinazo lezi zimpawu ezihlukahlukene esithile carbon, i-hydrogen, umoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen ne-sulphur. Umehluko nje ukuthi ingxenyenamba mass zonke lezi izinto, njengoba kunjalo ngabo iphesenti kuphephile ukunquma hhayi kuphela uhlobo ombiwa phansi isitshalo, kodwa ngisho esifundeni umsuka waso nokwanda ukukhiqizwa. Ngakho okungenani umqondo anolaka ngalo mbuzo, sihlaziye Ukwakheka kwe-avareji humus brown amalahle.

Ukwahlukanisa izinto kufakwe amalahle

I izinto ezivamile ezifakwe kunoma yiziphi izinhlobo waso, owayebizwa ngokuthi ugleobrazovatelyami. Nakhu uhlu oluphelele:

• Isimanga siwukuthi namaprotheni. Esikhathini hydrolysis carbon, ososayensi baye baphawula ukuthi kukhona eziningi ama-amino acid kule ingxube okuholela. Ukuthola lezi izinto ezingqimbeni obukhulu izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi bachazelwe impela nje: usekhona ezikhathini zasendulo, elula kanye izinsalela amagciwane engeziwe athuthukile. Kunoma yikuphi, imali eziningi amaminerali kungaba bavame ukuqhosha iqoqo njengabawufanelekele Museum kwezazi.
• Yiqiniso, i-cellulose. Lokhu carbohydrate eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuyinto ukusetshenziswa ezakhini eziyisisekelo nganoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuhlukunyezwa ukuphila isitshalo, kunjengoba ingxenye enkulu ngesisindo sezinti nowoyela shales (ngazo kuzoxoxwa ngezansi).
• Waxes, esiye okukhulunywe ngazo kaningi. Ingabe esters eminye aliphatic acid carboxylic kanye alcohols.
• Resin. Lena inhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunazo zonke acid efanayo carboxylic kanye izinto unsaponifiable futhi saponifiable. Kwezinye izimo ezithile kukhona kalula decarboxylation futhi polymerization okusheshayo. Ziyakwazi uhlobo "ibhuloho 'elisho amalahle, ngoba izingxenye zalo nasezinsikeni esiyinhloko kokucindezelwa inqubo.

Kuyinto cishe nsé ukubunjwa zonke ombiwa phansi amamaki izinkulumo ngezitshalo zabo futhi ingxenye isilwane. Advocates ukubukeka abiotic amafutha efanayo ungayitholi ezizwakalayo ngokwanele, ngayo nefunda ngayo ekuphikiseni lobu bufakazi. Kunoma yikuphi, iyiphi namaminerali ikhadi (organic) ubonisa ukuthi ezifakwa yabo ngokuyinhloko emkhakheni kwezilwandle lasendulo, ecebile udaba eziphilayo.

ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana nezimayini zamalahle

Izimfanelo nezindlela nqubo ethembela ngokuphelele phezu nesenzakalo of ezivuzayo ukujula. Uma ikhona, ingeqi eziyikhulu amamitha, ungakwazi ukuvula, indlela ukuthuthukisa umsebenzi. Isikhathi esining impela kwenzeka ukuthi nokwanda ukujula Imi kuba more kwezomnotho nokwenzeka Shaft indlela.

Ezweni lethu ezingeni ejulile kwemayini cishe 1200 metres. Noma yimuphi namaminerali ikhadi Russia sizobonisa kakhulu babo eSiberia. Unqenqema lokhu kufanele kubhekwe lokhu ithala, yayithola okusanhlamvu okuningi bemvelo.

Nezinye izinto ezibalulekile

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ezivuzayo amalahle avame ihlangabezane ukuminyana izinto kokuba ezinkulukazi ukubaluleka ezimbonini. Lezi ezinye yamadwala eyigugu Geological (zemabula, isibonelo), semali-methane, kanye ezingavamile, zihlakazeke izakhi zamakhemikhali. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izinhlobo ansundu aqukethe eningi germanium, okuyinto engacabangeki ngaphandle umkhakha umsakazo-zobuchwepheshe besimanje, njengoba kusekelwe ke kukhona izinhlobo eziningi Semiconductors.

Ukusetshenziswa amalahle e umkhakha yesimanje

Long Sezadlula izinsuku lapho lolu hlobo amaminerali yasetshenziselwa kuphela njengoba nophethiloli. Njengoba sesiphawulile, yena ezikhishwe ezinye izakhi ezingavamile zamakhemikhali, amalahle yiwo atholakala impahla eluhlaza ukwenziwa izinhlobo eziningi zepulasitiki. Selokhu seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, it is ukuthi kuwo singenza zokwenziwa uphethiloli ezaziwayo.

Kuyinto lezi namaminerali eRussia ngokuyinhloko enikeziwe ukukhula kakhulu embonini emva kwempi. Futhi uvumele ukusekela emnothweni ezingeni njalo okusezingeni eliphezulu.

Amafutha oluthambile

Lokhu zokubasa okuqinile Lokudabuka yemifino kusukela iqembu caustobiolites okuqinile. Isici esiyinhloko we oluthambile, okuyinto labanika udumo omkhulu onjalo eminyakeni yamuva, i-resin, ingxenye Ukwakheka kwabo. It is etholwe ziphuzo zazihluzwa. ukubaluleka kwalo ukuthi izakhiwo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali, siseduze kakhulu amafutha, kodwa izindleko zokukhiqiza yayo kakhulu ephansi Oilfield.

isakhiwo umehluko

Umehluko omkhulu kusukela slate we amalahle esifanayo abaqukethwe amaminerali ngaphezulu ngezithako zawo. Organic ingxenye - kerogen. share esezingeni oluthambile kuphela ifinyelela 70%, kanti zonke ezinye izimo, okuqukethwe organic ingeqi 30%. Kerogen kuyinto izinsalela endala ulwelwe owumphumela.

Leyo ngxenye kubo okwaphela amakhulu eminyaka singalahlekelwa ithrekhi isakhiwo cell - kuyinto tallomoalginit. Ngakho, okonakele ngokuphelele ulwelwe unicellular abizwa ngokuthi kolloalginit. Ngaphezu kwalokho, oluthambile zingatholakala kaningi ngisho izitshalo ephakeme, ezaziyincithakalo eplanethini yethu kusukela kudala.

Nawa kwakumiswa amaminerali avela izitshalo lasendulo. Sithemba ukuthi kulesi sihloko ozitholile yonke imininingwane ukuthi unesithakazelo kuwe.