Abalobi Isiliva Age. Izincwadi Isiliva Ubudala eRussia

Izincwadi Isiliva Ubudala eRussia, wadala ekuqa- nekhulu le-19 nelesi-20 leminyaka, kuyingxenye ebalulekile yefa kwezobuciko wezwe lakithi. Ngenxa yalesi sikhathi besihambisana nesiminyaminya khona Amathrendi eziningi ezahlukene nokuthambekela, ukuguquguquka ngemibono esivela hhayi kuphela ezihlukahlukene abalobi, kodwa futhi unendawo ngisho imisebenzi ngabanye ababhali, abaqambi kanye abaculi. Phakathi nale nkathi, ukuvuselelwa, rethinking izinhlobo eziningi futhi izinhlobo yobuciko. Njengoba kuphawuliwe M. Nesterov, kwakukhona "kuhlolwe jikelele amagugu."

Ngisho phakathi ongqondongqondo enenqubekela phambili futhi izibalo kwamasiko waphawula nesihlobo sethu esikabili ngefa zokudala kwesokunxele Democrats wamavukelambuso.

baziphatha

Art isiko ngokuvamile futhi izincwadi Isiliva Ubudala eRussia, ikakhulu ekuqa- 19-20 eminyaka zaziphawuleka ngokungabi baziphatha okwandile ( "baziphatha"), ukuba ngimemezele ukholo sizathu, ukulahlekelwa kwezifiso zomphakathi, ukunakekelwa siqu, nakho ngamunye. Ngakho, ezinye nezihlakaniphi wafuna "ukubaleka" kusukela nezinkinga zokuphila emhlabeni wonke kokungekhona okungokoqobo, amaphupho, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezingaqondakali. Le nqubo kwenzeke ukuba, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi kwaba nenkinga empilweni social futhi lokusungula kwezobuciko zibonisa kuphela.

Baziphatha ithumba ngisho nalabo abamele namaqiniso izinkomba kwezobuciko. Nokho, iningi lalezi imibono zisekhona sici abameleli Amathrendi modernist.

Yesimanjemanje Nokubhekana Namaqiniso zobuciko

Igama elithi "empilweni yesimanjemanje esezingeni" osebenza ku izinhlobo eziningi 20th art leminyaka. Wabonakala ekuqaleni kwekhulu, kanye esasisandulele kwaba ngokoqobo. Nokho, lona wamuva ngaleso sikhathi okwamanje esebohlile ku esidlule, sibonga ithonya yesimanjemanje ikhona izici ezintsha: Babelana "Uhlaka" umbono wokuphila, search waqala ngokuba izindlela ngabanye yokukhuluma kwezobuciko.

Isici esibaluleke kakhulu ubuciko ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 eba zamagama, ngokuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene.

Izinkomba ujike kwekhulu

Emuva ngo-90s zezincwadi Russian kwekhulu le-19 Kwavela isiqondiso, nimelana isinqumo ngesikhathi okwangempela. Chief phakathi kwawo kwakukhona yesimanjemanje. Abalobi abaningi we Isiliva Age (uhlu izinkomba kanye nabameli babo main ezocatshangelwa ngezansi) Ngandlela-thile ephumile okwangempela. Baqhubeka ukudala, ukudala izitayela ezintsha futhi izinkomba.

yesimanjemanje

Izincwadi Isiliva Ubudala eRussia kuvula yesimanjemanje. Kube aye ahlanganiswa namanye izimbongi ehlukahlukene abalobi, ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene kakhulu ngokubukeka kwabo ngemibono futhi kwezobuciko. Ngaleso sikhathi, baqala imfuno asebenzayo modernist, owawungumnyaka ugqozi ayimbangela enkulu Friedrich Nietzsche, kanye nabanye abalobi isiRashiya, ezifana AA Kamensky, MP Artsybashev nabanye. Amemezela nenkululeko ekudalweni tetemibhalo, bazibize ngokuthi bangabantu Abapristi balo, washumayela yokukhulekelwa kukankulunkulukazi 'superman, "benqaba kusukela kwezifiso zezenhlalo nesimilo.

kufanekisa

Njengoba isiqondiso lalifanekisela iRussia yathatha ukuma ekuqa- 19-20 eminyaka. Ukunikezelwa "Abadala" we Symbolists, okuhlanganisa Brusov, F. Sologub, uKonstantin Balmont, Z. Gippius, ababesempini nabanye ababesesimweni ngowokuqala ukwenza kulesi siqondiso. Ukuze amalungu junior zifaka phakathi abalobi Isiliva Age of Andrei Bely, V. Ivanov, S. Soloviev, Blok, nabanye. Uhlelo izisekelo ezicatshangelwayo, tebuciko nefilosofi bale nhlangano babe ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvumelana V.Bryusov kufanekisa ke kwenzelwe nje kwezobuciko, futhi Merezhkovsky wathatha njengoba ngesisekelo ubuKristu; Vyacheslav Ivanov yayisekelwe bayo nefilosofi endala nasekuhlanganeni, nasekuhlephuleni Nietzsche, futhi uA White asithandayo imisebenzi Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Kant, Solovyov. Emongweni imibono ye symbolists "omncane" Iyifilosofi Vladimir Soloviev nomqondo kube sekufikeni besifazane Okuphakade kanye Okwesithathu Testament.

Symbolists bashiya umlando ongeke kokubili izinkondlo nephrozi, nemdlalo. Kodwa kwakungekho sici ngaphezulu izinkondlo ezihlukahlukene izinhlobo umsebenzi abalobi eziningi Isiliva Ubudala, umsebenzi kule siqondiso.

Vy Bruce

Ukudala Vy Bryusov (1873-1924 GG.) Owaziwayo ezihlukahlukene izimfuno ngemibono. Izenzakalo-mbuso ka-1905 kwavusa ababaze ukuvelela futhi kwasho ukuqala sokuhamba kusukela umfanekiso imbongi. Nokho, isiqondiso entsha Bruce wakhetha ngokushesha, kanye nendlela akubheka okwenyanga inguquko, owawungumnyaka ephikisana kakhulu. Poet wathokoza ukuhlangana amabutho okuyinto, ngokombono wakhe, kwadingeka ukuba bahlanze Russia izimiso ubudala futhi izinkolelo abuqede zezwe lakudala. Nokho, umsebenzi wakhe, futhi waphawula ukuthi la mandla zokucathula ebhubhisa. "Ukugqashula - Ngizoba nawe ukwakha - hhayi" - VJ wabhala Bruce.

Ukuze umsebenzi wakhe libhekene ukuphishekela ukuqonda isayensi wokuphila, intshisekelo kuvuselelwe emlandweni, okuyinto ekhungethe nabanye abalobi Isiliva Age (uhlu abameleli kufanekisa bekulokhu kushiwo lapha ngenhla).

okwangempela

ukuphikisana ngemibono isici kwenkathi iyonke, ziye zathinta futhi kwezinye abalobi umuntu okholelwa entweni ekhona okwangempela. Ngokwesibonelo, emsebenzini L. Andreev labonisa Ukuhamba kusuka izimiso enengqondo.

Kodwa okwangempela jikelele alukapheli. Lezo zincwadi izimbongi Isiliva Ubudala owavela okwangempela, liye lagcina lesi siqondiso. Isiphetho kumuntu ovamile, izinkinga ezehlukene emphakathini, ukuphila esifika ngezindlela eziningi namanje kubonakala isiko. Omunye abameleli enkulu of ngokoqobo ngesikhathi kwaba umbhali Bunin (1870-1953 GG.). Encwadini ezinzima inkathi yangaphambi wamavukelambuso edala indaba "The Village" (1910) kanye "Dry Valley" (1911).

Acmeism

Ngo-1910, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa impicabadala umfanekiso, futhi kuye kwaba nenhlekelele. Endaweni le ndawo kancane kancane eza Acmeism ( "Acme" ngesiGreki - okuyisibalo esiphezulu, sekuyisikhathi eziqhakaza). Abasunguli be-mkhuba omusha ubhekwa NS Gumilev futhi SM Gorodetsky. Lokhu Lalihlanganisa abalobi Isiliva Ubudala OE Mandelstam, MA Kuzmin, V. Khodasevich, AA Akhmatova, MA Zenkevich nabanye.

Ngokungafani ezinye ambiguity kufanekisa esigaxeni, acmeists wamemezela ukusekela kwakhe khona elasemhlabeni, "ube nombono ocacile ngokuphila." Ngaphezu kwalokho, Acmeist izincwadi Isiliva Age (izimbongi futhi abalobi ukuthi bezilokhu nje efakwe) alethwe ubuciko umsebenzi ngenxa yobuhle nokusikwa kokuzitika, uzama ubalekele izinkinga zenhlalo izinkondlo. Ngo Acmeism bekuzwa ngokucacile okushoyo izisusa ohlehlela nokusekelwa ezincwadini lo mkhuba kwaba ukukhohliseka zefilosofi. Abanye abalobi Russian we Isiliva Ubudala waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe, okuye kwenza babe izinga entsha ngemibono kanye ubuciko (isib, AA Akhmatova, MA Zenkevich SM Gorodetsky).

Ngo-1912 yena wazalwa iqoqo "Hyperborean", lapho izincwadi ezintsha okokuqala yazibiza. Acmeists babezibheka abazolandela ka kufanekisa mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo Gumilev uthe "eseqedile umbuthano wakhe yentuthuko", wamemezela ukwenqaba ukuvukela, umzabalazo ushintsho ezimweni zokuphila, okuyinto uvame ukuzibonisa izincwadi Isiliva Age.

Abalobi - abameleli acmeism wazama ukuvuseleleka ngokucacile, umnqopho, ukuhlanza ngayo nezimfihlakalo. Kodwa izithombe zabo ezihluke kakhulu kulezo enengqondo, emazwini S. Gorodetsky, bafana "... ngowokuqala bayazalwa 'futhi zivela njengoba wenza into eyayingakaze ibonwe ngaphambili.

AA Akhmatova

Ngo umsebenzi kulesi siqondiso ngoba kunesithembiso indawo AA ekhethekile Akhmatova. Iqoqo lokuqala izinkondlo zakhe, "Kusihlwa" yavela kuyi-1912. It libhekene ithoni esivaliwe, Psychology, kude indaba ephathwayo, imizwelo kanye lyricism ezijulile. AA Akhmatova ngokucacile wacasulwa umqondo "Adam primordial," acmeists wamemezela. Ukuze umsebenzi wakhe libhekene uthando yomuntu, ukukholelwa emandleni akhe, futhi amandla angokomoya. Iningi umsebenzi imbongi ewela eminyakeni Soviet.

Amabili iqoqo lokuqala Akhmatova, eshiwo ngenhla "Kusihlwa" futhi "Rosary" (1914), waletha udumo lwakhe olukhulu. Zibonisa obuseduze, izwe ewumngcingo lapho zigutshuzelwe amanothi usizi nokudabuka. Isihloko uthando lapha, ebaluleke kakhulu futhi eyingqayizivele, nokuhlobene kakhulu ngokuphela kokuhlupheka okubangelwa amaqiniso oluchaza nokuphila imbongi.

NS Gumilyov

ifa elikhulu futhi okuphawulekayo kwezobuciko, NS Gumilyov. Ngo umsebenzi izindikimba main lokhu imbongi babe zomlando futhi exotic, futhi ehlabelela "ubuntu namandla". Gumilev asungula indlela yokukhuluma yevesi futhi wenze it eqondile axotshana.

Acmeists Ukudala bezilokhu ababephikisana Symbolists, ngoba imisebenzi yabo zingatholakala "nezinye imihlaba", ukulangazelela kwakhe. Gumilyov lokuqala ekwamukeleni inguquko kamuva ngonyaka wabhala inkondlo mayelana ukufa emhlabeni, ukuphela nyá kwempucuko. Uyaqaphela nemiphumela emibi impi kungaba yinhlekelele esintwini. Enkondlweni yayo "Umsebenzi," wayebonakala kusengaphambili ukuphela kwakhe we esingu ichashazi yesigaba sabasebenzi "ehlukanisa kimi emhlabeni." UNikolai Stepanovich wabulawa ngokubamba iqhaza nezinsolo kulolo zungu esiphikisayo wamavukelambuso.

Ezinye izimbongi futhi abalobi Isiliva Age - abameleli acmeism kamuva bathuthela. Abanye abaye bahluleka ukwenza kanjalo. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Anna Andreevna Ahmatova, umkakhe, NS Nokho, Gumilyov, kwakungenzekanga Elikhulu Okthoba Revolution, wenqaba ukushiya izwe lokuzalwa kwakhe. Lezi zenzakalo kwesokunxele emphefumulweni wakhe nendawo yamathe onyawo esikhulu, futhi imbongi akuyona ngokushesha bakwazi ukubuyela emsebenzini. Nokho, yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe futhi Wakha ngimnikeze Patriot, imbongi, beqiniseka ukunqoba izwe lawo (umkhiqizo 'Ngesibindi, "" I Izifungo "kanye nabanye).

futurism

Ngesikhathi esifanayo njengoba Acmeism (ie, 1910-1912.), Kukhona Futurism. Yena, njengezinye izindawo wayengekho eyohlobo, vydelyalyaya Amathrendi eziningana. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke kubo, Cubo, izimbongi united V Mayakovsky, VV Klebnikov, DD Burliuk, VV Kamensky, Kruchenykh nabanye. Olunye uhlobo futurism kwaba egofuturizm ethulwa umsebenzi I. Owasenyakatho. Iqembu "Centrifuge" babe Wabasaqalayo ngenkathi izimbongi NN Aseev futhi Pasternak Pasternak, kanye nabanye abalobi kanye abalobi Isiliva Age.

Futurism esiye sashintsha ifomu manje oye ukuzibusa okuqukethwe Wamemezela inkululeko yokukhuluma, walahla ngokuphelele ngokuqhubeka etemibhalo isiko. Manifesto Futurist "ngempama ukunambitheka umphakathi", eyanyatheliswa ngo-1912, wakhuthaza kokugumbuqelwa yesikhulumi inegunya elikhulu kangaka, njengoba UTolstoy, Pushkin futhi Dostoevsky.

Abalobi Isiliva Ubudala kwezincwadi Russian VV Kamensky futhi Velimir Khlebnikov ephethwe ukuhlola yimpumelelo ngegama elithi ezathonya ukuqhubeka izinkondlo Russian.

VV Mayakovsky

Phakathi Futurists eqala ukudala imbongi omkhulu VV Mayakovsky (1893-1930 GG.). Ngo-1912 kwafika ukushicilelwa izinkondlo zakhe kuqala. Mayakovsky kwakungeyona nje ngazo 'zonke uhlobo okungenamsoco, "kodwa futhi wamemezela isidingo impilo entsha umphakathi. Vladimir Vladimirovich kusengaphambili Okthoba Revolution, eveza umbuso "amanoni", njengoba kubonakala izinkondlo zakhe "Impi Nokuthula", 'Ifu e ibhulukwe "," Indoda "," The backbone umtshingo "lapho sinqatshelwe futhi bamemezela ukholo lonke uhlelo kosozimali umuntu.

Okunye izimbongi futhi abalobi Isiliva Ubudala

Eminyakeni phambi inguquko, kwakukhona nezinye izimbongi egqamile futhi abalobi Isiliva Ubudala kwezincwadi Russian, okuyinto okunzima ukuba kuthiwe isiqondiso esithile, isibonelo MA Voloshin, MI Tsvetaeva. Creative yokugcina isici ukuzimela sekukhomba kanye nokwenqatshwa kwezinkambiso ezivamile yokuziphatha kanye nesimo sengcondvo lesibi.

isiko Russian walesi sikhathi kwaba umphumela ngezindlela ezinkulu eziyinkimbinkimbi. izici zayo esingokwemvelo njalo wahlala zobuntu okusezingeni eliphezulu, isizwe kanye nentando yeningi, naphezu kokucindezelwa eliphezulu impendulo kahulumeni. Olunye ulwazi kungatholakala kunoma iyiphi ebhukwinitifundvo ( "Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi", u-Grade 11), Silver Ubudala ngempela kufakwe yezifundo zezikole.