Compounds Complex: ngesilwane esifuywayo kanye ngezigaba

Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke futhi ezihlukahlukene kakhulu phakathi izinto wezinto ikilasi compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuze lokhu kungenziwa kwiqembu compounds organometallic, ezifana chlorophyll futhi athwala umoya-mpilo. Kuyinto lokhu kuxhuma ayisigijimi exhumanisa chemistry wezinto ezingaphili futhi organic isayensi enobunye. indima olukhulu ekuthuthukiseni izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ulwazi emkhakheni ithempulethi yengqikithi kanye crystal amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo, ukutadisha izinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu yemvelo: i-photosynthesis, yangaphakathi (yeselula) kwezimila.

Kulesi sihloko sizohlola indlela owakheke ngayo ngesilwane esifuywayo compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi, kanye izimiso eziyisisekelo ngezigaba zabo.

Coordination theory A. Werner

Ekupheleni usosayensi Swiss XX leminyaka A. Werner wafakazela ukuthi elithwala iyiphi into eziyinkimbinkimbi kukhona izakhiwo eziningana eziye ngokulandelana ngokuthi ion emaphakathi, ligands (ligands) kanye yangaphandle ukubambisana sithombe. Lokho sasingabantwana ngezigaba kucacile futhi ngesilwane esifuywayo compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi, sichaza imiqondo le kabanzi. Ngakho, A. Werner iye kungase kutholakale khona ion-molecule (ngokuvamile kahle icala), okuyinto usesikhundleni emaphakathi. Yena waziwa ngokuthi ejenti complexing, le ion emaphakathi noma athomu. Kungase wawuseduze molecule njengoba hlangothi, ngokuthi ligands, futhi omubi icala anions izinhlayiya ukuthi zakha kwangaphakathi ukubambisana sphere material. Zonke izinhlayiya asele angayazi bangena kuyo, yakha udonga lwangaphandle engqamuzaneni.

Ngakho, ngo-ifomula cuprite sodium Na ₂ [Cu (OH) _4], emaphakathi zethusi athomu esimweni namachibi +2 futhi ezine gidroksogrupp bakha ezingeni kwangaphakathi, kuyilapho i-sodium ion zitholakala ukuqhela kuyi-athomu ye-central emkhakheni yangaphandle.

Izindlela sokunquma amafomula ebalulekile kanye namagama izinto

Kuze kube manje, imfundiso yokuziphendukela A. Werner main isisekelo theory lapho efundelwa izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngesilwane esifuywayo, okungukuthi, amagama la izinto zinqunywa imithetho ezamukelwe ngu International Society of theory kanye osetshenziswayo Chemistry.

Sinikeza ngezibonelo eziningana zezinguquko amafomula izidakamizwa, equkethe-athomu ye-platinum complexing - K ₂ [PtCl _6] noma ama-molecule NH ₃ - [Ag (NH _{3) 2]} Cl. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, ifomula kungenziwa etholakala ngokusebenzisa le mikhuba: exchange double ukusabela, conductivity izinyo lomhlathi of izixazululo-X-ray umumo womsebenzi indlela. Cabangela lezi zindlela ngokuningiliziwe.

Njengoba kuboniswe isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi-platinum compounds

Izinto yaleli qembu zinezikhathi khona ku-molecule endaweni emaphakathi-platinum athomu. Lapho kwakwakhe PtCl ₄ × 6NH ₃ isenzo isixazululo ye-nitrate esiliva, bese zonke chlorine ekhona impahla ehambisana athomu ensimbi AgCl kwakhiwa ishq emhlophe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zonke anions kukhona chlorine ku yangaphandle ukubambisana sphere, kuyilapho amangqamuzana ammonia baxhunywe ephakathi ye-platinum athomu futhi ndawonye nalo emkhakheni kwangaphakathi kwakhiwa.

Kusho ekhuthaza nokudidiyela ifomula kulotshwe leli fomu: [Pt (NH _{3) 6]} Cl ₄ futhi ngokuthi i-platinum hexammine chloride. Ngokusebenzisa-X-ray umumo womsebenzi ndlela, laba ababa bamakhemikhali uhlole nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi okuyinto ngesilwane esifuywayo izofakwa ngawo kulesi sigaba esilandelayo.

I crystalline compounds of chromium

Isakhiwo leli qembu izinto sekutholakale ngulenchubo ngokomzimba ka-X-ray umumo womsebenzi we ezihleli-X-ray umumo womsebenzi ukuhlaziywa. Ukudlulisa eheleni crystal, igagasi kagesi ehlakazekile ngenxa yesenzo electron efana ukuhlolwa. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ngokunembile kakhulu ukunquma ukuthi yimaphi amaqembu ngama-athomu kukhona at ngehele amasayithi. elihambisana ngesilwane esifuywayo compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi wadalwa zinhlayiya chromium-aqukethe. Izibonelo amagama hydrates isomeric ka trivalent chromium nosawoti, idwetshwa ngokusebenzisa-X-ray umumo womsebenzi indlela zingokulandelayo: tetraakvadihlorohroma chloride (III), pentaakvahlorohroma chloride (III).

Kwatholakala ukuthi lezi zinto chromium athomu nakanjani ligands eziyisithupha ezahlukene. kungacacisa ukuthi kanjani izinga futhi iyiphi into ithinta inombolo ukubambisana?

Njengoba kuyi-athomu ye-central ahlanganiswa ligands

Ukuze siphendule imibuzo ephakanyiswe ngenhla, sikhumbula ukuthi eduze ngokushesha we agent complexing kukhona izakhiwo eziningana, ngokuthi ligands, noma ligands. inani lawo, futhi inquma inani ukubambisana. Ngokusho imfundiso yokuziphendukela A. Werner, reception, ngezigaba kanye ngesilwane esifuywayo compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi encike ngqo kwi le nkomba. It is correlatively elihlobene ne namachibi kuyi-athomu ye-central. Esikhathini compounds e-platinum, i-chromium, inombolo yensimbi kokuxhumana alinganayo kakhulu eziyisithupha; uma ejenti complexing imelelwa athomu ithusi noma ukhethe - ezine uma kuyi-athomu ye esimaphakathi isiliva noma ithusi - amabili.

Izinhlobo compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi

Ngo-chemistry, ngezesilisa amakilasi main futhi kwababusi izinto zesikhashana phakathi kwazo. Okuxoxiswana ngakho esikhathini esedlule izifingqo zama eziyinkimbinkimbi compounds okuyinto ngesilwane esifuywayo kubonisa khona isakhiwo zabo zishintshe namanzi aquacomplexes. Ngu ammine zihlanganisa izinto equkethe ammonia izinhlayiya hlangothi, ezifana triiodo triamminrody. Peculiar ukwakheka kwama-molecule ye-class of chelating compounds. Igama lawo livela kwelithi the chelicera begazi eside - kangaka okuthiwa uzipho decapod. Lezi izinto aqukethe ligand, ukulungiselelwa ngekwendzawo okubandakanya ejenti complexing, efana izimpiko. compounds ezinjalo zihlanganisa ferric oxalate eziyinkimbinkimbi, etilendiamminovy-platinum eziyinkimbinkimbi nge isimo namachibi +4, aminoacetic acid nosawoti, aqukethe ion of steel, i-platinum noma ithusi.

Imithetho kwakhiwa amagama compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi

Okuvame kakhulu umbuzo test ekufuneni chemistry in inkambo esikoleni high: shayela kwakwakhe eziyinkimbinkimbi we IUPAC-ngesilwane esifuywayo. Ngo isibonelo esikhethekile, sihlaziya algorithm wokubhala isihloko izidakamizwa kokuba le ndlela elandelayo: (NH _{4) 2} [Pt (OH) ₂ Cl _4].

1. Igama iqala ekutholeni indlela yokwakheka kwangaphakathi ukubambisana sithombe. Iqukethe amaqembu hydroxyl kanye anions chlorine. Lezi ziqu engeza -O langesikhatheso ngoKukhulamungu. We ukuthola digidrokso-, tetrahloro-.
2. Manje sithola ejenti complexing usebenzisa notation igama lakhe Latin, bese wengeza nalokho le yo Isijobelelo kubakaki esingenhla kufanele lukhombise degree yayo namachibi: platinate (IV).
3. Sebeqedile sphere uphawu kwangaphakathi, ukuthuthela ngaphandle. Sibiza ke seka: kulesi sibonelo kukhona ion ammonium.

Ngenxa yalokho, ketshezi kuyodingeka isihloko lapho bonke okungenhla isakhiwo esohlwini.

Ukusetshenziswa compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi

Ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko thina ngokuthi abameleli ebaluleke kakhulu izinto organometallic ezifana elithwala umoya-mpilo, i-chlorophyll, amavithamini. Badlala indima ebalulekile umzimba. Kabanzi compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi ngemijikelezo kwezobuchwepheshe encibilika izinsimbi ayoni futhi non-ayoni. Indima ebalulekile udlalwa yokusansimbi carbonyls - compounds ethize eziyinkimbinkimbi okuyinto ngesilwane esifuywayo kubonisa khona e-molecule awo ahlangane carbon monoxide CO njengoba ligand. Lezi zinto zehlela kuthiwa ukubola ngaphansi Ukushisa encishisiwe izinsimbi ezifana ne-nickel, i-iron, ayibe kusukela imikhando yabo. izakhiwo Iningi nazo asetshenziswa njengoba yelikhono e ukusabela esikhiqiza varnishes, upende Plastics.