Inqubo umqondo futhi izinyathelo institutionalization. Institutionalization eRussia. Institutionalization - ke ...

Ukuphila kwabantu - umqondo yehlukene kaningi okubalwa. Nokho, intuthuko yomphakathi Russian, njengoba sibona emazwini umlando, kuncike izinga aphethwe kulo ethile zokudala inqubo bokusungula. Kuyini institutionalization? Le nhlangano yasungulwa yomphakathi ndima zilandele izilinganiso ezithile izinqubo nomphakathi. Wensimbi Umphakathi aphume ashone athuthukile imfundo bokusungula - izikhungo nge operation umdwebo isakhiwo njalo esinqunyiwe, umsebenzi izincazelo. Kunoma yimuphi umkhakha wempilo yomphakathi - ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, zomthetho, tekwatisa, kwamasiko - ukuba ngokufingqiwe intuthuko emphakathini nokuba lula inqubo.

Izibonelo institutionalization uwukuthi, isibonelo, iphalamende esungulwe ngesisekelo izakhamizi emhlanganweni; School, acacisa kusukela umsebenzi ovelele umculi, umculi, umdansi, isazi sefilosofi; inkolo nezinsalela kwaqala kusukela wokushumayela abaprofethi. Ngakho, institutionalization - Yebo, enkabeni yalo, - nokulandelanisa.

Labetibambile ke njengendlela esikhundleni ukuziphatha abaningi eyodwa - generalized ezilawulwayo. Uma sikhuluma wetincenye teluhlaka le nqubo, akhiwa zezenhlalo, izimiso zomphakathi, imithetho, izimo kanye izindima - lenza ukugqugquzela indlela ekuxazululeni ngokucindezela izidingo zomphakathi.

institutionalization Russian

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isisekelo somnotho okunokwethenjelwa ngempela enikeziwe institutionalization eRussia ngekhulu entsha. Kuncike ukukhula ukukhiqizwa. Ekulinganiseni isimiso sezombusazwe "ukusebenza" nomthetho-sisekelo ngokwahlukana isebenze ka zomthetho, esiphezulu, izinkantolo, abasemagunyeni nenkululeko ekhona isisekelo kwanda.

Ngokomlando, institutionalization ka uhulumeni waseRussia wathatha izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

• Eyokuqala (1991-1998 GG.) - aphuma umbuso wamaSoviet.
• Eyesibili (1998-2004 GG.) - ushintsho endleleni umphakathi kusuka oligarchic state-Capitalist.
• Wesithathu (2005-2007 GG.) - kumiswa izikhungo ngempumelelo emphakathini.
• Eyesine (kusukela ngo-2008) - isigaba, libhekene iqhaza ngempumelelo capital womuntu.

ERussia kukhona imodeli abayizicukuthwane yelinyenti, zinciphise isibalo zezinhlamvu abantu ngenkuthalo iqhaza emikhankasweni yezombusazwe, okuhambelana sengqondo isiRashiya, lapho ukubusa Kusolakala izintshisekelo isimo phezu izithakazelo ngabanye. Ukubaluleka eliyisisekelo zemiphakathi inqubomgomo ukwesekwa elite.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-isici nokukhawulela sokuthuthukiswa kuyinto bendabuko, abafundisekile "eligadulayo" eminyakeni engu-90 i- nihilism zomthetho sabantu. Kodwa emphakathini yethula izimiso ezintsha yelinyenti. I institutionalization kwamandla eRussia kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi izinhlangano zezombusazwe zihlukaniswe hhayi kuphela amandla, kodwa futhi iqhaza kwezinhlangano. Okwamanje, indima lakamuva. Baye ziqondiswe umthelela ngezici ezithile intuthuko emphakathini.

I ihogela ithonya neziphathimandla kuyinto sonke bakuleli zwe. Phakathi izinhlangano zezombusazwe eziyinhloko zihlanganisa uMbuso ngokwayo, tinhlangano temmango. I engavamile we institutionalization isiRashiya isitayela yayo nge izithakazelo tekutfutfukisa talelive. Akusikho ukuthi njalo lapha oyimpumputhe ukungenisa izikhungo Western, ngakho institutionalization eRussia - inqubo creative.

Institutionalization nezenhlalo izikhungo

tikhungo tetenhlalo institutionalization ibalulekile njengoba insimbi jikelele ngokuhlanganisa imizamo yabantu abaningi abaphila ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene lo mfelandawonye ukwabiwa kwemithombo nokwaneliseka umphakathi waseRussia.

Ngokwesibonelo, sembuso nokobana amandla ukuhlangabezana nezidingo inombolo enkulu yezakhamuzi. Institute for Umthetho ulawula ubuhlobo phakathi kwabantu futhi isimo, kanye ngabanye nasemphakathini wonkana. Institute sokholo sisisiza abantu ukuba abe nokholo, injongo yokuphila, weqiniso.

Lezi zikhungo kuyisisekelo sesihlalo zomphakathi. Basuke eyenziwe izidingo zomphakathi, okuyinto esivela wawubonakalisa mass iqiniso lokuthi wayekhona.

Ngokombono esisemthethweni umbono yesikhungo semfundo social kungenziwa umelwe "indima uhlelo", esekelwe izindima isimo amalungu ezahlukene emphakathini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, senze isimo sikahulumeni, i-nezikhungo Russian ukuzuza semthethweni esiphezulu awusona sihlanganise isethi esiphezulu amasiko, amasiko nezindinganiso zokuziphatha nezimiso zokuziphatha. Nemithethonqubo kanye nokuphathwa ye-Public Relations owenziwa izikhungo, enza imikhuba namazinga zomthetho nezenhlalo ukuthi yakhelwe lezi amasiko.

Ukuze sengqondo Russian ibaluleke kakhulu ngempumelelo enkulu baqinise inhlangano esisemthethweni ekuqhubeni isikhungo ngokwethukela.

Izici esasenza izikhungo ezisiza ezihlukahlukene zokuphila yezenhlalakahle yezwe ukuze ubone ubukhona babo, kukhona izinhlobo eziningi unomphela ekuhlanganyeleni, efana isiqondiso imisebenzi esemthethweni, futhi i-oda ukusebenza kwazo, khona esifundazweni Ochwepheshe "emincane" abaqeqeshelwé iphrofayli.

Ayini tikhungo tetenhlalo kungenziwa ngokuthi ngempela emphakathini wanamuhla? Uhlu waziwa: umndeni, ezempilo, imfundo, ukuvikeleka komphakathi, ibhizinisi, isonto, yezindaba. kungakhathaliseki ukuthi Institutsionizirovany? Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngamunye lezi zinkombandlela kuhulumeni kukhona inkonzo efanele, okuyinto "ithiphu" kwegatsha abafanele, ehlanganisa izindawo ezaziwayo. Uhlelo lesifunda kwamandla esiphezulu ukuhlela Izilawuli ezifanele, kulawulwa ngokuqondile nabadlali, kanye Dynamics of the izenzakalo ezifanele emphakathini.

Amaqembu ezombusazwe kanye institutionalization zabo

Institutionalization amaqembu incazelo lamanje yaqala ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Mayelana oyiyo kungashiwo ukuthi kuhilela institutionalization yezombusazwe futhi zomthetho. Political uhlela futhi lithuthukise imizamo izakhamuzi ukusungula amaqembu ezombusazwe. Legal usungula ngokomthetho nemisebenzi. nezindaba ezibalulekile futhi inselele ukuqinisekisa obala zezimali emisebenzini party futhi imithetho ukuxhumana kwayo ne-emabhizimisi kanye nembuso.

Regulatory efakwe isimo generalized wezomthetho zonke izinhlangothi (esimweni nezinye izinhlangano) kanye nesimo umuntu yezenhlalakahle ngayinye (ibonisa izinsiza kanye indima emphakathini).

Imisebenzi kanye isimo amaqembu yesimanje ixazululwe umthetho. ERussia, inkinga institutionalization amaqembu ivumela umthetho kahulumeni ekhethekile "Ngo amaqembu ezombusazwe". Ngokusho kwakhe Kumiswa ngezindlela ezimbili iqembu: kuphakathi kokuthi kubanjwe ingqungquthela abaqamba ukuguqulwa ukunyakaza (inhlangano yomphakathi).

Isimo ulawula umsebenzi amaqembu, okungukuthi amalungelo nemisebenzi, imisebenzi, iqhaza okhethweni, imisebenzi yezimali, ubuhlobo ne-ejenti kahulumeni, umsebenzi international yokungakholelwa.

izidingo Eqine yilezi: bemvelo Russian beqembu, inani lamalungu, Non-yamaSoviet, okungezona zenkolo, ubunjalo enhlanganweni engekho ngaphansi kazwelonke (THS ezingaphezu kuka-50.).

Ukumelwa amaqembu kwisiShayamthetho inikezwa yi izinhlangano lamaphini akhethwe kubo (izingxenyana).

Umthetho futhi kuchazwe ubuntu wezomthetho amaqembu: zokuphatha, civil, zemithetho kanye nomthethosisekelo.

I institutionalization ukungqubuzana

Ake sibheke umlando. I institutionalization we izingxabano njengoba abaningi abanawo uthola kwaqala ezinsukwini zakuqala ubudlelwane zama-Capitalist. Ukuncisha abalimi komhlaba ngokwehlukaniswa abaninimhlaba ezinkulu, ekuguquleni isimo sabo emphakathini sabasebenzi, izingxabano abasafufusa ekilasini wobunxiwankulu, futhi akafuni ukushiya isikhundla yezikhulu.

Ngokomthethonqubo we institutionalization ukungqubuzana - isinqumo izingxabano amabili: ezimbonini kanye nezombusazwe. Ukungqubuzana kwezinhloso abaqashi nabasebenzi ulawulwa yi-Institute of Izivumelwano kanye nezinyunyana, ikhumbula izithakazelo izisebenzi. Ingxabano ukulawula umphakathi kuvunyelwe indlela suffrage.

Ngakho, institutionalization kokungqubuzana iyithuluzi ukuphepha ukuvumelana namabhalansi esimisweni sezenhlalo.

umbono weningi futhi institutionalization yayo

umbono womphakathi ingumkhiqizo nokuxhumana phakathi kwemikhakha ehlukene sabantu, izinhlangano zezombusazwe, tikhungo tetenhlalo, ezenhlalo amanethiwekhi kanye nabezindaba. Dynamics umbono weningi ikhuphuke kakhulu ngiyabonga kwi-Inthanethi, ukuxhumana, flash izixuku.

I institutionalization umbono weningi idale inhlangano ethile, ukutadisha umbono womphakathi izilinganiso izingxenye, ukubikezela umphumela wokhetho. Lezi zinhlangano ukuqoqa, ukufunda zangaleso yakha umbono omusha womphakathi. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngokuvamile isifundo esinjalo nganhlanye futhi esekelwe amasampula evumelana nombono wazo.

Ngeshwa, olwakhiwe umnotho lolungakahleleki obuhlanekezela welithi "institutionalization umbono weningi." Kulokhu, nezahlulelo izifiso iningi labantu abatholi ukugcwaliseka kwezombangazwe wangempela isimo. Kahle kahle, phakathi entandweni yabantu futhi zisebenzise ke kufanele kube ukuxhumana okuqondile futhi ecacile ngokusebenzisa ePhalamende. kwabaphathi abakhethiwe ziyadingeka ukukhonza umbono womphakathi by ngokushesha ukuthatha izenzo zomthetho ezidingekayo.

umsebenzi Komphakathi kanye institutionalization

Ekupheleni XIX - ekuqaleni XX leminyaka emphakathini Western Europe ngenxa kwezimboni kanye ukuhileleka ukukhiqizwa social ezihlukahlukene amaqembu kwavela Institute Wezenhlalakahle. Kwakungenxa ku nezinzuzo zezenhlalo kanye nemindeni izisebenzi zosizo. izici Namuhla social work atholwe okunengqondo usizo yokuzinikela ezingazange bazivumelanisa nezimo zokuphila abantu.

umsebenzi Komphakathi, kuye ngendaba nokuqaliswa kwalo yisimo, umphakathi kanye okuxubile. Iminyango kahulumeni zihlanganisa Ministry of Social Policy futhi amahhovisi esifunda, amahhovisi ayo zendawo, ukukhonza abantu emphakathini labo ababencishwe amathuba ngaphambilini. Usizo lunikezwa amalungu ethile imiphakathi. Kuyinto ejwayelekile, esigcwele osonhlalakahle kwenziwe futhi esekelwe yesabelomali. Public njengoba umsebenzi wokuzithandela yezenhlalakahle wenziwa izisebenzi zokuzithandela futhi ngokuvamile okungajwayelekile. Njengoba ungase ucabange, i-institutionalization umsebenzi social ndlela iphumelela kakhulu lapho exutshwe okufana, okuyinto ephila isimo futhi umphakathi ezakheke ngayo.

Izigaba institutionalization komnotho isithunzi

Inqubo institutionalization poetapen. Futhi zonke izigaba ndima yayo - standard. Imbangela yale nqubo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kuba nesidingo ukunikezela isisekelo ukusetshenziswa zazo ezidingekayo ukuhlela izenzo zabantu. Woza indlela nakuba. Cabanga institutionalization letigaba kwetinhlavu sikhungo enjalo engemihle njengendlela "isithunzi umnotho".

• Isiteji mina - izidingo ukubukeka. ukuthengiselana Disparate zezimali (ezifana zokuthumela dolobha, wokusetshenziswa kwemali yensimbi) amanxusa ngabanye kwezomnotho (kusukela-yalolucwaningo 90. Ekhulwini lokugcina) aluthola ububanzi futhi ehlelekile.
• II esiteji - kumiswa imigomo eqondile futhi ukukhonza ukuqaliswa yabo yekuphila. Injongo kungenzeka, isibonelo, kumele ilungiselelwe ngendlela elandelayo: "Ukudalwa isimiso sezomnotho," esingabonakali "ngokuba Control State. Ukudala isimo sezulu emphakathini lapho zababusi Unelungelo ukuyekelela. "
• III esiteji - ukudalwa izindinganiso zomphakathi kanye nemithetho. Lezi zindinganiso basuke ekuqaleni imithetho elawula "abasondelana" samandla ukulawula abantu ( "uhlelo WaseByzantium kwamandla"). Nokho, "engenzi" imithetho yezenhlalakahle kuphoqelela izinhlangano zamabhizinisi "hamba ngaphansi kophahla" izakhiwo engumlanjwana ngempela nibonisa umsebenzi zokulawula, imithetho alahlekile.
• Isiteji IV - ukubukeka izici standard ezihambisana nemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, umsebenzi "ibhizinisi Ukuvikelwa" abantu abanamandla imibutho yezokuphepha, umsebenzi ikhava zomthetho ukuze iviyo, cashing Wezezimali ngaphansi izinkontileka ngamanga, emisa at "izinkokhelo zesenzo esithize" uhlelo isabelomali ngezimali.
• Isiteji V - ngokoqobo imithetho nemisebenzi. Kancane kancane ukudala isithunzi ukuguqulela izikhungo kungukuthi ikhangiswe cindezela olusemthethweni. Basebenza namaklayenti ezithile esimeme eside. Amaphesenti ukuguqulwa kuzo incane, they ncintisana ngaphakathi ngempumelelo nezinhlangano olusemthethweni abaphendukile. Enye mkhuba: imiholo isithunzi, okulingana 15-80%.
• Isiteji VI - ukudalwa uhlelo lwezijeziso ukuvikela isakhiwo lobugebengu. Tikhundla izikhulu zikahulumeni ezizimele dolobha amasevisi ibhizinisi. Bona, lezi zikhulu, le 'mithetho' ngokujezisa ngoba "yombandeka", ngoba "umonakalo zokuziphatha". Elawulwa amalungelo ngesandla womuntu imigwamanda kanye iziphathimandla zentela siguqulelwa yangasese "isikwati" abantu abanamandla.
• Isiteji VII - shadow amandla mpo. Izikhulu ujike iziyisikhombisa kwabo amandla kabi empilweni yemisebenzi yabo ibhizinisi. Amandla zezinkonzo ihhovisi lomshushisi empeleni behlukene imisebenzi okuvikela abantu abanesithakazelo. AbaHluleli, ukuhlinzeka inqubomgomo iziphathimandla lesifunda futhi "fed up" nalo.

Inqubo institutionalization, njengoba sibona, kuyinto jikelele ngokuya izigaba zalo eziyisisekelo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi babe sesimeni izithakazelo ezakhayo futhi esisemthethweni yomphakathi. Ihlangano yokuNgeza emnothweni isithunzi, eziya ziba zimbi izinga lempilo abantu abavamile, kufanele bungaveli sikhungo umthetho.

Sociology futhi institutionalization

Sociology izifundo umphakathi njengoba kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi yesikhungo ikhumbula izikhungo sayo sezenhlalo ubudlelwano phakathi kwabo, ubudlelwane kanye nemiphakathi. Sociology ikhombisa umphakathi ngokuya izindlela zayo zangaphakathi kanye namandla okubakhona ukuthuthukiswa yabo, ukuziphatha namaqembu amakhulu wabantu, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhumana yomuntu nasemphakathini. Inikeza futhi uchaza okushiwo ga tetenhlalo letibalulekile futhi ukuziphatha izakhamuzi, kanye uqoqe uphinde uhlaziye idatha eyinhloko lwezenhlalo.

Institutionalization wesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu eveza okushiwo kwangaphakathi kwale sayensi, ukuhleleka kuka yezenhlalakahle izinqubo nge be nemisebenzi, yena uhlose ukuqinisekisa imisebenzi ebalulekile emphakathini. Ngakho-ke, kukhona ngumkhuba: kwabantu uqobo lungena ngaphansi kwencazelo Institute.

Izigaba Development Sociology

izigaba eziningana ahlukile ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu njengoba izwe elisha isayensi.

• Isigaba sokuqala libhekisela-s-30 ekhulwini XIX, kuba isihloko ukwabiweni indlela lokhu isayensi isazi sefilosofi French Auguste Comté.
• Esesibili - "isikhathi yokusebenza" kwetheminoloji yesayensi, yokufuna Ochwepheshe abafanelekayo, inhlangano zokwenana yesayensi kolwazi okusebenza.
• Okwesithathu - Positioning ngokwabo njengengxenye ifilosofi "zezenhlalo."
• Okwesine - ukudalwa isikole lwezenhlalo kanye nenhlangano umagazini wokuqala yesayensi "lwezenhlalo INcwadi Yonyaka Ka-". Okufanela ngobukhulu basonta French usosayensi-sezokuhlalisana kwabantu Emile Durkheim ku Sorbonne University. Nokho, ngaphandle nje lokhu, uMnyango Sociology lavulwa Columbia University (1892)
• Isigaba sesihlanu, uhlobo "ukuqashelwa" umbuso, bekulokhu isingeniso zochwepheshe lwezenhlalo esimweni amarejista okhokhelwayo. Ngakho, umphakathi uye ekugcineni neyaziwayo kwabantu.

Eminyakeni 60 kwabantu American wathola ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu zama-Capitalist. Ngenxa yalokho, inani zezenhlalo American lase linyuke laba ngu-20,000, kanye izihloko izincwadi nakomagazini lwezenhlalo - ukuze 30. Isayensi uye wathatha isikhundla ezanele emphakathini.

Ngo kwabantu Soviet ke lavuselelwa emva Okthoba Revolution ngo-1968 - ngesikhathi Moscow State University. umnyango Soda zocwaningo lwezenhlalo. Ngo-1974 kwafika amaphephabhuku kuqala, futhi ngo-1980 encwadini okubhalwa professional yezwe langena mkhakha lwezenhlalo.

Uma sikhuluma ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu eRussia, Kuhle kokusho wavula ngo-1989 eMoscow State University uMnyango Sociology. "Wakhala isiqalo empilweni" zezenhlalo ayizinkulungwane 20.

Ngakho, institutionalization - yinqubo eRussia, okuyinto zenzeka, kodwa ukubambezeleka - maqondana France ne-United States - I-eyikhulu.

isiphetho

Emphakathini wanamuhla esebenza izikhungo eziningi, akukho impahla, futhi izingqondo zabantu. Imfundo yazo, institutionalization, kuyinqubo onamandla futhi dialectical. izikhungo Obsolete esikhundleni emisha, eyenziwe izidingo ezisemqoka zomphakathi: zokuxhumana, lokukhiqiza, ukusabalalisa ukuphepha, ukugcina ukungalingani emphakathini, ukusungulwa ukulawula nomphakathi.