Electronic ukucushwa - imfihlakalo isakhiwo yama-athomu

Ekwindla ka-1910, u-Ernest 'uRutherford, emimoya umcabango, kabuhlungu bezama ukuqonda yangaphakathi isakhiwo ye-athomu. ucwaningo lakhe ukuhlakazwa-alpha izinhlayiya izinto ezihlukahlukene ekholisayo efakazelwe - athomu likhona phakathi ezithile, kuze kube manje nhlobo, umzimba omkhulu. Ngo-1912, 'uRutherford ayeliqamba i-nucleus yama-athomu. Usosayensi ikhanda lagcwala izinkulungwane imibuzo. Yini icala onaleli umzimba ezingaziwa? Kuyini inombolo electron ezidingekayo ukuqinisekisa isisindo sayo?

Ngo-May 1911, uRutherford, yashicilela isihloko phezu isakhiwo ye-athomu, okuyinto ilindele caveat kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ukuzinza isakhiwo yama-athomu kungenzeka ancike ubuqili Sakhiwo sangekhatsi athomu kanye motion izinhlayiya icala, okuyizinto ingxenye yayo ebalulekile kwesakhiwo. Yavela kanjalo-ke ukucushwa electron - electron enuzi imodeli athomu. Le modeli wayemiselwe ukuba zidlala indima olukhulu wesayensi yenuzi.

Electronic ukucushwa - kuyinto oda ukusatshalaliswa electron ku omise athomu. Ngenxa ingqondo into eziyibonayo nokukhuthazela Ernest Rutherford, owayehola ukwazile ukumelela umqondo wakhe, isayensi iye yacebisa ngolwazi olusha, ukubaluleka okungakwazi babenesibindi esikhulu.

Ukulungiselelwa electronic athomu kuyinto. Maphakathi lonke isakhiwo athambekele core ehlanganisa izinto ezahlukene ngoba inani neutron nama-proton ngamunye. Futhi lokhu kungenxa omuhle ophethe kuyi-nucleus. Babalelwa ku-ke omise olufanele eyindilinga ukuhambisa ama-electron - omubi icala izinhlayiya aphansi. Lezi omise-athomu babizwa nangokuthi amagobolondo. I-orbit yangaphandle ye-athomu ubizwa ngokuthi Valence. Kuthiwa imibhalo eminingi ye-electron kuso - valency.

ukumiswa ngamunye electronic izakhi kuyahlukahluka inani electron ezikuyo. Ngokwesibonelo, ndaba silula wonke endaweni yonke - hydrogen - equkethe electron eyodwa kuphela eyodwa, umoya-mpilo-athomu, - eziyisishiyagalombili kanye electronic ukucushwa yensimbi has electron amabili nesithupha.

Kodwa kubalulekile ukuba imodeli electronic athomu akuyona inombolo electron, futhi yilokho okugcina ndawonye futhi kubangela uhlelo usebenze kahle - nucleus futhi ngezithako zawo. Inikeza izidakamizwa core izimfanelo ngamunye kanye nezici. Ngezinye izikhathi ama-electron ushiye imodeli athomu, bese athomu Uthola icala omuhle (ngenxa icala senuzi). Kulokhu, ketshezi ayishintshi impahla yayo. Kodwa uma ushintsha indlela yokwakheka nucleus, kuyoba ngempela izinto kuhlukile enezimfanelo ezahlukene. Yenza kube nzima, kodwa kusengenzeka.

Njengoba ukucushwa electron akunakwenzeka ngaphandle isici zako ezisemqoka kwesakhiwo - nucleus yama-athomu, kumele kugcizelelwe. Kuyinto lokhu element central imodeli-athomu yakha izakhiwo ngabanye kanye nezici iyiphi ikhemikhali. Proton, okuyizinto, eqinisweni, nika nengaphakathi, ubhekene necala omuhle izikhathi 1840 ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho iyiphi i-electron. Kodwa amandla i-proton ukushaja silingana iyiphi i-electron. Ngo isimo ibhalansi inani proton e-athomu inombolo electron. Kulokhu, umnyombo iyona othwala zero kwenkokhelo.

Enye kuyizinhlayiyana ezinkulu okuthiwa i-neutron ka-nucleus yama-athomu. Kuyinto lesi sici engenalo icala, kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka zenuzi chain reaction. Ngakho ukuze overestimate ukubaluleka-neutron akunakwenzeka.