Ukwakheka athomu. Amazinga amandla ye-athomu. Proton, neutrons, ama-electron

Igama elithi "athomu" kusukela lesiGreki lisho "indivisible". Sizungezwe - ukudla okuqinile, uketshezi futhi emoyeni - yakhiwe izigidigidi elandayo lalezi zinhlobo.

Ukubukeka version ye-athomu

Okokuqala zama-athomu kwaziwa e-BC V leminyaka, lapho isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki Democritus wasikisela ukuthi ndaba sakhiwa izinhlayiya ezincane ezihambayo. Kodwa-ke kwakunzima ukuhlola version zikhona. Futhi nakuba kwakungekho muntu owayekwazi ukubona lalezi zinhlobo, kuxoxwa ukuthi umbono, ngoba indlela ososayensi kuphela wakwazi ukuchaza izinqubo ezenzeka emhlabeni wangempela. Ngakho-ke, ayekholelwa ebukhoneni micro-izinhlayiya eside ngaphambi kwesikhathi yakwazi ukuveza ubufakazi bokuthi leli qiniso.

Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XIX. ihlaziye lapho ziya ngokuya ziba komncane kunabo abamelwe chemical izakhi kokuba izakhiwo ezithile ama-athomu - ikhono ujoyine nezinye compounds imali ngokuqinile eziphakanyiswe yiNyuvesi. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX kukholakala ukuthi ama-athomu - izinhlayiya ubuncane ndaba, ingakamiswa kungase kutholakale ukuthi yakhiwa amayunithi ngisho ezincane.

Yini liyisici chemical?

Atom timphawu chemical - isakhiwo ezincane block ndaba. Isici belinganisa we microparticles babe mass yamangqamuzana ye-athomu. Kuphela kokutholakala umthetho zesikhathi kunengqondo ukuthi imibono yabo kukhona izinhlobo Mendeleev onhlobonhlobo elilodwa impahla. Amancane ukuze ingabonakali usebenzisa nangezibonakhulu ezivamile, kuphela kumadivayisi enamandla kakhulu electronic. Ukuze uqhathanise, izinwele lingangesandla somuntu kuyinto izikhathi eziyisigidi emikhulu.

Isakhiwo electronic athomu has nucleus eyakhiwa ama-proton kanye neutrons, futhi ama-electron, okuyinto lumayelana isikhungo ku omise njalo efana amaplanethi azungeze izinkanyezi zawo. Bonke labetibambile ndawonye yi-amandla kazibuthe, omunye phezulu ezine endaweni yonke. Neutrons - hlangothi icala izinhlayiya, wanika proton omuhle futhi electron - ezingezinhle. Kwakamuva ekhangwa proton kahle icala, ngakho zivame ukuhlala emzileni.

Isakhiwo athomu

Esikhathini Ingcenye ephakathi has a core ingxenye okuwugcwalisile athomu ubuncane Imininingwane. Kodwa ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi cishe yonke mass (99,9%) itholakala kuwo. athomu ngasinye siqukethe proton, neutrons, ama-electron. Isibalo ezikhanyisayo electron ke uyalingana omuhle icala emaphakathi. Izinhlayiyana efanayo icala Z-nucleus kodwa ezahlukene e-athomu mass A no inani neutrons nucleus abizwa ngokuthi N isotopes futhi ngesikhathi A efanayo futhi Z ezahlukene kanye N - isobars. Electronic - ubuncane kuyizinhlayiyana unesimo esibi kagesi icala e = 1.6 x 10-19 coulombs. Ion icala inquma inani electron elahlekile noma ukuzuza. Inqubo yokuguqukela kwesinye isimo athomu kokungathathi hlangothi ngendlela ion icala libizwa ionization.

Le nguqulo entsha ye imodeli kuyi-athomu ye

Izazi zesayensi ziye zatholakala samanje kukhona nezinye izinhlayiyana eziningi aphansi. Isakhiwo electronic athomu has inguqulo entsha.

Kukholakala ukuthi proton kanye neutrons, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuncane kangakanani, ukuze babe, akhiwe izinhlayiya ezincane kunazo, ababiziweyo - quark. Bakha nesifanekiso esisha-athomu. Njengoba nje ososayensi ubuthe ubufakazi ukuba khona imodeli langaphambilini, futhi manje basuke bezama ukufakazela ukuba khona kwamandla quark.

RTM - insimbi esizayo

ososayensi Modern ungabona kukhompyutha yakho ukuqapha zama-athomu ye ndaba, kanye kubenze yonkana kobuso usebenzisa ithuluzi ekhethekile, okuthiwa ngesibonakhulu ukuskena mhubhe (RTM).

инструмент с наконечником, который очень осторожно движется возле поверхности материала. It is a ithuluzi nge-computer nge ithiphu oluhamba kahle eduze yendwangu. Lapho i-probe ihamba, ama-electron bachubeka igebe phakathi ithiphu kanye ebusweni. Nakuba izinto ubukeka smooth kakhulu, eqinisweni, kuba engalingani ezingeni le-athomu. I-computer yenza ebusweni ikhadi leyo nto, ukudala isithombe izinhlayiya zayo, futhi ososayensi, ngakho ungabona izakhiwo ye-athomu.

izinhlayiya enemisebe

ion iyimbi icala waphenduka emhlabeni core kude ngokwanele ezinkulu. isakhiwo Atomic yokuthi ngempela hlangothi futhi ayinaso kagesi ngoba zonke izinhlayiya (proton, neutrons, ama-electron) kukhona ngo balance.

I-athomu enemisebe - liyisici ukuthi kungenziwa kalula wajinge wanamatsela. isikhungo yayo siqukethe proton eziningi neutrons. Okuwukuphela idayagramu ye-athomu ye-hydrogen, okuyinto has a proton eyodwa. I-nucleus lizungezwe ifu electron, kuba Luhambo yabo kubangelwa ukuzungeza isikhungo. Proton amacala afanayo dudula nomunye.

Lena akuyona inkinga izinhlayiya kakhulu ezincane, lapho kukhona eziningana. Kodwa ezinye zazo zingabantu engazinzile, ikakhulukazi ubukhulu esikhulu, ezifana-uranium, esesikhundleni 92 proton. Ngezinye izikhathi isikhungo salo ayikwazi ukumelana nakakhulu leyo misebenzi. Ubuthi, bebizwa ngenxa yokuthi ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana izinhlayiya okuningi kusuka nucleus yayo. Uma ebugqilini nucleus engazinzile proton, le esisele bakha osizayo entsha. Kungase uzinze kuye isibalo proton e ikhenela entsha, futhi ungaqhubeka ezohlukaniswa. Le nqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho azikho uzinze indodakazi i-nucleus.

I izakhiwo zama-athomu

Physico-chemical izakhiwo athomu ngokwemvelo yehlukile isici kwenye. Basuke kuchazwe nemingcele alandelayo ayisisekelo.

mass Atomic. Kusukela eziyisisekelo indawo microparticles hlala proton kanye neutrons ke isamba inani imikhondo, okuyinto sivezwe kula-athomu amayunithi mass (amu) Formula: A = Z + N.

Irediyasi athomu. Irediyasi luncike indawo isici ohlelweni gqwa ngesibopho kwamakhemikhali, amanani zama-athomu angomakhelwane kanye quantum isinyathelo lokukhanda. engaba nucleus kuyinto izikhathi ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu lincane engaba isici. Ukwakheka athomu ungalahlekelwa electron futhi iguqulwe ibe ion omuhle noma wengeze ama-electron futhi babe ion ezimbi.

Ngo ishadi lesikhathi salezi Mendeleev yimuphi isici chemical ithatha indawo yayo kunikezelwe. usayizi Ithebula athomu kwandisa lapho ezihambayo phansi, kunciphe uma usuka kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla. Ukulandela kulokhu, element kencanikhulu - kuyinto helium, futhi ophakeme kunabo - cesium.

Valence. I yangaphandle electron igobolondo athomu ubizwa ngokuthi band Valence, futhi ama-electron, kuwo ngokuthi ngokulandelana - electron Valence. Inombolo yabo icacisa ukuthi athomu ixhunywe nezinye nge chemical kunenze nisondelane. Indlela ukudala microparticles umzamo wokugcina ukugcwalisa yangaphandle Valence igobolondo yabo.

Gravity Luhambo - ungamandla oqhubeka amaplanethi zanda emkhathini, ngoba bephume izandla lezinto falling phansi. Man akasasiboni amandla adonsela phansi, kodwa umphumela kagesi kaningi namandla kakhulu. Amandla esizoheha (noma okucasulayo) izinhlayiya icala nakuyi-athomu, 1000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 izikhathi onamandla ngaphezu phansi kwalo. Kodwa maphakathi nengaphakathi kusekhona uyithonya elinamandla uyakwazi ukuzibamba proton kanye neutrons ndawonye.

Ukusabela e nuclei ukudala amandla kagesi enuzi, lapho ama-athomu kuthiwa wajinge wanamatsela. Olunesisindo esikhudlwana lwaluba isici, izamba enkulu izinhlayiya yakhiwe ama-athomu yayo. Uma ufaka i lonke inani proton kanye neutrons e-elementi, sifunda isisindo sakhe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-uranium, element olusindayo ekhona ngokwemvelo, ine isisindo athomu 235 noma 238.

Fission kuyi-athomu ye-amazinga

Amazinga zamandla athomu - inani isikhala emhlabeni core, lapho ama-electron siyahamba. Sekukonke kukhona 7 orbitals elihambisana inani lezinkathi ethebuleni gqwa. I akude ngaphezulu indawo electron kusuka nucleus, ebaluleke kakhudlwana amandla izinqolobane eliyosenza. Inkathi, inombolo kubonisa isibalo orbitals-athomu azungeze i-nucleus yayo. Ngokwesibonelo, potassium - inkathi isici 4, khona-ke has a amazinga 4 athomu amandla. Inombolo chemical isici oluhambisana ukushaja futhi inani electron ezungeza i-nucleus.

Atom - umthombo wamandla

Mhlawumbe ifomula edume kakhulu ngokwesayensi wathola yi-physics German Einstein. Yena uthi mass lutho kodwa hlobo luni lwamandla. Kususelwa lo mbono, kungenzeka ukuze ujike ndaba ibe amandla, futhi ibalwa ifomula njengoba ungathola. Umphumela wokuqala esiwusizo sokuba nezinto eziqondile ukuguqulwa enjalo iba amabhomu e-athomu eyayibonakala lokuqala ihlolwe ehlane Los Alamos (USA), bese liqhuma phezu kwemizi Japanese. Futhi nakuba kuphela lesikhombisa alufakwa iguqulwe ibe amandla, amandla ebhubhisayo ibhomu le-athomu kwakwethusa engakubona.

Ukuze nengaphakathi kudedelwa amandla ayo, wobulawa nokubulawa. Ukuze uluhlukanise, kubalulekile ukwenza ngaphandle-neutron. Khona-nucleus onakala kwezinye ezimbili, ilula ukuhlinzeka ukukhululwa omkhulu wamandla. Ukuwa kuholela ukukhululwa kwe nezinye neutrons, futhi bayaqhubeka uhlukanise nezinye nuclei. Inqubo iguqulwe ibe ukusabela chain, okuholela udala omningi amandla.

Izinzuzo nezingozi usebenzisa i-imeyli engahlonziwe esikhathini sethu

amandla okubhubhisa, okuyinto ikhishwe ekuguqulweni ndaba, isintu besilokhu uzama ukuze zilawule le enuzi izitshalo amandla. Lapho i-imeyli engahlonziwe senzeka ngesimo lapho kuqhuma, kodwa njengoba kancane nokushisa.

amandla weNyutliya ubuhle nobubi bayo. Ngokusho ososayensi, ukuze silondoloze impucuko yethu ezingeni eliphezulu, kufanele usebenzise le umthombo omkhulu wamandla. Kodwa khumbula ukuthi ngisho ukuthuthukiswa yesimanje kakhulu ayikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha ephelele enuzi izitshalo amandla. Futhi etholwe ukukhiqizwa energy kwemfucumfucu enemisebe yenuzi ngaphansi isitoreji okungafanele kungathinta izizukulwane zethu amashumi ezinkulungwane zeminyaka.

Ngemva abantu yingozi yaseChernobyl ngaphezulu kukhiqizwe amandla enuzi kuyingozi kakhulu kunazo zonke esintwini. Okuwukuphela isitshalo ephephile yalolu hlobo ilanga ne omkhulu zenuzi amandla umthamo wayo. Ososayensi amamodeli ezahlukene amabhethri welanga, futhi mhlawumbe esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, isintu ngeke sikwazi ukunikeza ngokwabo nge amandla enuzi ephephile.